Unit 6

Question 1

Genetics is the study of

Answer 1

Heredity

Question 2

__________ is inherited by offspring from their parents

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

Animal geneticists have identified elements within genes that

Answer 3

can enhance animal growth, health, and the ability to utilize nutrients efficiently

Question 4

Animal genetics is one of the pillars of livestock development alongside

Answer 4

animal health, animal nutrition and husbandry issues such as animal housing.

Question 5

Animal breeding indicates

Answer 5

The mating of selective animals for the purpose of the enhancement of particular characteristics in subsequent generations

Question 6

In animal breeding the best animals are

Answer 6

Used as parent animals

Question 7

The objectives of animal breeding are

Answer 7

• increase animal yield / productivity
• improve the desirable quality of animal product
• produce disease resistant animals

Question 8

Genetic improvement is based on the principle that

Answer 8

the products and services provided by animals are depend upon their genes and their living environment.

Question 9

Methods of genetic improvement are

Answer 9

• breed introduction
• selection
• breeding

Question 10

What is breed introduction

Answer 10

It’s bringing high-quality breeds of livestock into the
farm or a country

Question 11

Before introducing breeds is important to

Answer 11

that the breeds possess higher quality characteristics than the local ones

Question 12

Give the differences between local and exotic breed

Answer 12

Local breed Exotic breed
- mature slowly - mature early
- aren’t good producers - are good
- small animals - large animals
- adapt. - maynot adapt
- are resistant to disease. - fall victum

Question 13

What are the advantages and disadvantages of breed introduction

Answer 13

Advantages of breed introduction
-Characteristics which are not originally present in the local breeds are introduced
- Breed introduction enhances productivity
-Crossbreeds may perform better than local breed if adapted to the
local environment
Disadvantages of introduction
- It may introduce new diseases and pests to the area
- Exotic breeds may struggle to adapt to the new area
- Exotic breeds may not reach full productivity in the new environment”

Question 14

What is selection

Answer 14

Is the process of keeping animals with desirable traits and culling undesirable ones

Question 15

What are the two types of selection

Answer 15

• natural selection
• artificial selection

Question 16

What is natural selection

Answer 16

In nature Animals with desirable traits survive and reproduce while animals with undesirable traits don’t survive and reproduce

Question 17

What is artificial selection

Answer 17

Farmers select and cule

Question 18

What are the types of artificial selection

Answer 18

• mass selection
• progeny selection
• pedigree selection
• family selection

Question 19

What is mass selection

Answer 19

It’s when they are selected on their own performance
- those with desired characteristics are often a large group ( large number of animals)

Question 20

What is progeny selection

Answer 20

• when they are selected based on their progeny or offspring

Question 21

What is pedigree selection

Answer 21

When they are selected based on the performance of their ansestors

Question 22

What is family selection

Answer 22

• it’s when they are selected based on the performance of their family
• usually the family size is large

Question 23

What are the advantages and disadvantages of selection

Answer 23

Advantages
- reduces the spread of diseases and parasites associated with breeding stocks
- It ensures that only the best naturally available animal is selected
Disadvantages
- is very costly in terms of time and money
- It requires expertise which may not be readily available
-It may bring about elimination of some desirable traits
of some parent stock
- no new characteristics are introduced

Question 24

What is breeding

Answer 24

Is a method of livestock development in which inherited qualities are transferred from parent to offspring through mating

Question 25

What are the two methods of breeding

Answer 25

- related breeding system - in breeding - line breeding - unrelated breeding system - out breeding - cross breeding

Question 26

What is the simple difference between in breeding and line breeding

Answer 26

In breeding is more closely related animals like mother to son… Line breeding is distantly related animals like cousin to cousin. Line breeding has a lower chance of in breeding depression

Question 27

What is the simple difference between out breeding and cross breeding

Answer 27

Out breeding is between the same breeds while cross breeding is between the same species and different breeds

Question 28

What is inbreeding and list it’s characteristics

Answer 28

- it’s the mating of closely related animals - produces inbred lines - two inbred lines can be crossbred to produce hybrid vigour - sometimes there is in breeding depression

Question 29

What is inbreeding depression

Answer 29

- it’s when offsprings with undesirable characteristics are produced because of recessive genes

Question 30

What is line breeding and list it’s characteristics

Answer 30

- it’s the mating of distantly related animals - used to preserve and strengthen the qualities of an outstanding ancestor - has less risk when it comes to in breeding depression - high quality commercial characters are a result of line breeding

Question 31

What is outbreeding and what are it’s characteristics

Answer 31

- mating of unrelated animals within the same breed - produces offspring with a greater vigor and productivity

Question 32

What is cross breeding

Answer 32

- mating of unrelated animals with the same species but different breeds - produces hybrid vigiour or heterosis

Question 33

What are the advantages and disadvantages of related animals

Answer 33

Advantages - Production of pure breeds or pure lines - helps to concentrate and preserve specific qualities in an animal Disadvantages - Reduction in vigor and performance - often gives rise to defective animals

Question 34

What are the advantages and disadvantages of unrelated animals

Answer 34

Advantages - Promotes heterosis or hybrid vigor Development of new breeds - Grows more rapidly and is more economical to rear - Withstand environmental variations - More resistance against disease Disadvantages - Operating costs are higher than those for local breeds - If not systematic, sizing problems and associated delivery difficulties may occur

Question 35

What is artificial insemination

Answer 35

Artificial insemination is the process of collecting sperm cells from male animals and depositing them into the reproductive tract of a female (vagina, cervix or uterus)

Question 36

___________is the most important reproduction technology for genetic improvement in domestic animals

Answer 36

Artificial insemination

Question 37

Oestrous ( heat ) is shown by

Answer 37

- loss of appetite -constant vocalizations - restlessness - rubbing up against herd-mates - lips of the vulva become redder and more moist than usual - swelling around the vulva - a thin mucous discharge from the vulva -stop when mounted by other animals - mount other animals

Question 38

The safe and best method of insemination in cattle is

Answer 38

Recto vaginal Method of insemination

Question 39

What is the process of artificial insemination

Answer 39

Semen is collected and stored ➡️the semen straw is thawened➡️it’s loaded in a sterilised AI gun and covered with a plastic sheath➡️apply soft soap or any lubricant on the gloves left hand and insert into the RECTUM➡️is further inserted and holds the CERVIX through the rectal wall➡️the AI gun is passed

Question 40

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination

Answer 40

Advantages - Reduces spread of infectious diseases such as contagious abortion and vibriosis - It helps in maintaining the accurate breeding and parturition records - Old, heavy and injured males can be used Disadvantages - Requires more time than natural services - Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower fertility - If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases will be increased

Question 41

What is embryo transfer

Answer 41

It’s when newly formed embryos prior to implantation are removed from a donor and given to another female ( recipient ) of THE SAME SPECIES

Question 42

In embryo transfer donors are____________than recipients

Answer 42

Higher in productivity

Question 43

What are the advantages and disadvantages of embryo transfer

Answer 43

Advantages - Is an easier and more rapid exchange of genetic material between countries - Involves no transport of live animals - Reduces risks of disease transmission - Enhances storage and expansion of rare genetic stock Disadvantages - The technique requires a high cost - It requires skilled technicians - It may be time consuming

Question 44

What are the steps of embryo transfer

Answer 44

Cows receive a hormone- gonadotropin so that they will produce more than one egg( this is called super ovulation) ➡️ after 5 days they are artificially inseminated ➡️ after 7 days a veterinarian recovers the embryos by using floley catheter and recovery fluid( this is non surgical ) ➡️ passes through a filter and embryos are catched ➡️filtered into a lab and evaluated under a microscope( isolation and classification of embryos)➡️ frozen ( in liquid nitrogen at 37 degree or room t ) or transferred into a cow ( surgically or non surgically) ➡️pregnancy diagnosis by palpation through the rectal wall after 1 to 3 months ➡️birth ( 9 months)

Question 45

What are the two types of animal identification and give some examples

Answer 45

Temporary - tail marking with a pen and chalk - clipping thier hair - dying thier fur Permanent- branding - ear tags - tattooing - ear notches - microchips