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unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

state 6 parts of the nephron

A

bowmans capsule
glomerulus
proxime convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
loop of hence

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2
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A

filter the blood and produce urine which gets rid of toxic urea

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3
Q

what is the funtion of the loop of henle

A

maintains a water potential gradient down the medulla
makes sure water is reabsorbed back into blood and that we produce concentrated urine

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4
Q

state the 2 features of the loop of henle and their adaptations

A

ascending limbs which have thick walls, so impereamble to water
descending limbs have thinner walls, and are permeable to water

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5
Q

what is the counter current multiplier

A

a mechanism in the nephron which helps concentrate urine by creating a gradient of solute concentration in the medulla

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6
Q

state the counter current multiplier

A

diffusion of na/cl ions into the descending limb
water moves out of descending limb by osmosis into the capillaries
active transport removes na/cl ions out of ascending limb
na/cl ions move out by diffusion from the lower part of the ascending limb
water leaves collecting duct by osmosis and enters capillaries
urine passes down collecting duct to pelvies down the ureter into the bladder

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7
Q

the longer the loop of henle the more water can be absorbed, explain why

A

-more na/cl ions actively transported out of the ascending limb
-so more water is reabsorbed
-by osmosis
-from the collecting duct

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8
Q

why would desert animals need to have nehprons with longer loop of henle

A

-as they need to reabsorb more water
as water is scarce

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9
Q

state the function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorbs water back into blood

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10
Q

give 2 adaptations of the DCT

A

-epithelial cells of dct have lot of microvilli which provide a large surface area:volume
-and they contains lots of mitochondria for aerobic respiration

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11
Q

what is the ATP from the mitochondria in the dct used for

A

-its used to actively transport mineral ions back into the blood, in doing so the dcit can make Adjustments in the ions that are reabsorbed, which helps regulate blood pressure and ph of blood

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12
Q

what is the collecting duct and what process takes place there

A

its the final part of the nehpron, and as the filtrate moves down the cd, water is reabsorbed by osmosis into the blood capillaries

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13
Q

state the path of blood into the glomerulus

A

blood flows in through wider afferent aertiole and leaves through narrower afferent arteriole so blood flow slows down and hydrostatic pressure increases

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14
Q

what is the function of the bowmans capsule

A

where ultrafiltration takes place due to the high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

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15
Q

What substances will pass through the filter and move into the nephron from the blood?

A

molecules that are small enough to pass through the filter, e.g water amino acids, monoglyceraides, urea

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16
Q

What will remain in the blood and why?

A

proteins, platelets and white/red blood cells

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17
Q

state the 3 layers which filtrate the blood

A

-basement membrane
-podocytes (epithelial cells of the membrane)
-endothelium of the capillary

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18
Q

state how ultrafiltration produces glomerulur filtrate

A

-high hydrostatic pressure
-only small substances pass e.g glucose
-through pores/gaps in endothelium
-through basement membrane
-and large protiens remain in blood

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19
Q

Give one component of the blood which is not normally present in the filtrate. (1)

A

platelets
red blood cells

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20
Q

Apart from water and glucose, name two substances which will be present in the glomerular filtrate. (2)

A

urea
amino acids

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21
Q

lomerulosclerosis is a disease in which the glomeruli of the kidney are damaged. Explain why protein
is not normally present in the urine of a healthy person but may be present in the urine of a person with
glomerulosclerosis. (2)

A

-in a healthy person the protiens are too big to be passed through the filter
-in disease their filter is damaged so protiens can pass through

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22
Q

where does selective reabsorption take place

Study These Flashcards
A

proximal convoluted tubule

23
Q

What substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood?

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A

-all amino acids
-some mineral ions
-some glucose

24
Q

describe how the epithelial cells of the pct are adapted for selective reabsorption

Study These Flashcards
A

-many sodium/potassium pumps on basal membrane
-microvilli, which increase surface area
-many mitochondria which release energy for tap
-many co transport proteins on folded membrane

25
what is selective reabsorption
where glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by a co transport mechanim then water is absorbed by osmosis
26
state the co transport mechanism
sodium ions are actively transported out of the cells lining the PCT, into the blood in the capillary -na ion concentration decreases in the cytoplasms, creating a concentration gradient -na ions diffuse out of the lumen in of the pct using a co transporter membrane, they carry amino acids and glucose with them -which lowers the water potential of the cell, so water moves in from lumen by osmosis -glucose and amino acids diffuse into the blood, -water moves into blood by osmosis
27
what is a stimuli
external/internal change detected which leads to a response
28
what does the response do?
increases survival chance of animals by allowing them to respond to the change, and make sure the conditions are optimal
29
what is taxes state the two types give an example
taxes is a directional when an organism moves their entire body towards a favourable stiumulus or away from an unfavourbale stimulus psotive= move towards something such as food or light negative=move away from something such as danger
30
what is kinesis give an example
a non directional response in which the rate of movement or rate of turning of an organism affected by the intensity of the stimulus, not the direction e.g when woodlouse are in a dry condition they will move around a lot to try find a moist place, once moist place is discoevred they slow down and stay there
31
what is tropism what is it affected by
a directional growth respomse of a plant towards or away from a directional stimulus affected by specific growth factors such as IAA
32
what is IAA what does it do where is it produced
type of Auxin in shoots, stiumlates growth by making cells elongate in roots, it inhibits growth when in high concentrations produced in tip of roots and shoots,
33
what is phototropism
directional growth response in where plants grow towards or away from light
34
why do shoots bend towards light
shoots need light in LDR in photosynthesis, so important they grow towards light
35
state phototropism in shoots
Iaa is produced in the shoots tips, causes plants to elongate grow longer it can also diffuse to nearby cells when light shines in one direction, IAA ,moves to the shaded side causing a higher conc of iaa in shades side so cells on shaded side grow longer than those in light as a reuslt shoots bends towards light
36
what is gravitropism
directional growth response in where parts of a plant move towards or away from light
37
Gravitropism in roots
iaa is produced in lower part opf root due to gravity, in roots more iaa slows down celll growth so upper side grows faster causing root to bend downwards
38
how do we investigate animals responses
a choice chamber a choice chamber is a container with different compartmentents, each compartment can be used to create different environments, so we can use them to investiagte light, darkness and humidity on animals and see how they react
39
state the 3 main reflexes
sensory-transmits electrical impulses from receptors to CNS motor-transmits electrical impulses from CNS to effectors relay-transmits electrical impulses between sensory and motor neurons
40
How does the nervous system work
a situlus such as heat or pain is detected by the receptor cells -these receptors send electrical impulses accros the sensory neurone to the brain and spinal cord/ CNS -at the end of the sensory neurone, neurtontransmitters carry the signal accross a synapse to next neurone -the cns then processes the information and sends electrical impulses accross motor neurone to effector which carries out response
41
what are reflexes
rapid/ automatic responses do not need conscious decison to respond protect body as produce rapid response
42
what are receptors
they detect stimuli
43
state the 2 types of receptors
pacinian corpuscles photoreceptors
44
what are pacinian corpuscles
pressure receptors in the skin they are mechanoreceptors so they detect mechanical stiumuli like pressure and vibrations
45
what happens when the PC is stimulated
lamella deforms causing cell membrane to strect and deform the cell mediated sodium ions channel -causing channel to open and causing sodium ions to diffuse in -creates a generator potential -if enough generator potentials reach threshhold ap is triggered
46
what are photo receptors
receptors in the eye
47
hwo do photoreceptors work
light enters eye through pupil hits retina which conatin photoreceptors causes nerve impulses to be carried from photoreceptors in retian to the brain by optic nerve -brain then coordinates response= blinking
48
state the two types of photo receptors
rods- give information in bl;ackl and white, manly found in pheripheral part of the retina cones-give information in colour
49
sensitivity in rods and cones
rods- very sensitive to light, as many rod cell is joined to one neurone, so is very week, they work better in dim light cones-less sensitive to loght, as one cone cell is joined to one neuron, works better in bright light
50
visual acuity in rods and cones
visual acuity= ability to distuingish between 2 points that are close togethor rods=have low visual acuity, as many rods cells joined to one neurone, so light from two parts is close togethor so cant be told apart cones=high visual acuity, as one cone joined to one neuron so send impulses to the brain separately
51
what is the cardiac muscle described as
myogenic as it contracts on its own and does not need but the rate of contraction is conbtrolled by the nervous system
52
what is SAN and AVN
SAN found in right atrium, known as pacemaker of the heart, starts heartbeat by sending out small
53

unit 6 (6 decks)

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