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Anatomy Semester 2 Review > Unit 6: Blood and Skeletal > Flashcards

Unit 6: Blood and Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin in bood cell formation?

A

Erythropoietin which is normally found in the kidneys is the hormone that helps stimulate red blood cell production.

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2
Q

How do you become jaundiced?

A

An excess of bilirubin causes jaundice. Usually when they are premature infants, who have an underdevleoped liver, or are in liver failure.

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3
Q

What happens when a person is jaundiced?

A

Excess amounts of bilirubin circulating in the blood stream dissolve in the subcutaneous fat. This can be treated by light therapy for infants, as well as enchanced nutrition.

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4
Q

How does Vitamin A affect bone growth?

A

Needed to synthesze the enzyme fo osteoclast activity. If not cannot remove chondroctes. If there is too much leads to brittle bones.

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5
Q

How does Vitamin D affect bone growth?

A

Needed to absorb Calcium from the gut. If not causes soft bones (rickets), if too mcuh causes calcification fo the soft organs like Liver and Kidneys.

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6
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

The cells the build bone from cartilage

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7
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

The cells that break down bone.

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8
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that maintain bone structure.

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9
Q

What occurs in the red marow?

A

Hematopoeisis or red blood cell production occurs in the red marrow.

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10
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Yellow marrow is used for fat storage.

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11
Q

What are B-Cells?

A

They are part of the specific immune response. They are coded and create one specific antigen to fight off a specific virus. They are stored in the lymph nodes and are used to fight off repeat viruses.

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12
Q

What are T- Cells?

A

They are part of the specific immune response. They go in and fight off the foreign invaders and produce cytokines.

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13
Q

What is the struccure and function of an erythrocyte?

A

An erythrocyte or RBC;s job is to transport gases liek oxygen and carbond dioxide. They have a biconcave shape to better transport the gases.

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14
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin?

A

Hb is what RBC’s use to bind oxygen to itself. Hb has 4 binding sites for oxygen allowing it to make the RBC’s more effective transporters. Also makes them the red color.

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15
Q

What are the components of blood from most to least abundant?

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Leukocytes

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16
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

They are a WBC. THey have a lobed-nucleus, 2-5 visible lobes, about 2x size of RBC. THey are about 54-62% of WBC’s. They perform phagocytosis of small particles.

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17
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

It is a WBC. It hs a large round nucles, with almsot no cytoplasm. They are aout 25-33% of WBC’s. They help with the immune response especially antibody production.

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18
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

They are a WBC with a kidney-shaped nucleus, and they are the largest of teh WBC. They are about 3-9% of WBC’s. They perform phagocytosis of large particles like bacteria.

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19
Q

What is an Eosinophil?

A

It is a WBC with a deep red color, a 2-lobed nuclues, and has dark red granules. They are usually about1-3% of WBC’s. They kill paratise and help control inflammatory response.

20
Q

What is a basophil?

A

It is WBC that stains blue/purple, has ltso granules so it is hard to see a nucles. Less than 1% of WBC. They release Heparin (anticoagulent) and Histamine for inflammation.

21
Q

Why can you only recieve blood from certain people?

A

Depending on you blood type you have antibodies for certain types of blood, which means if you get the type of blood you have antibodies fo your body will attack itself ultimatley killing you.

22
Q

What type of blood does a Type A person have? Who can they receive blood from?

A

They have the A-antigen, so they have anti-B antibodies for the B-antigen in plasma. They can recieve blood fom Type-A and Type-O people.

23
Q

What antibodies does a Type B blood type have? Who can they recieve blood from?

A

They have anti-a antibodies for the A antigen. They have the B antigen on the RBC. They can recive blodo from Type-O and Type-B people.

24
Q

What type of antibodies does a type AB person have? Who can they receive blood from?

A

They have no antibodies. They have both the A and B antigen on their RBC’s. They can recieve blood from anyone.

25
Q

What type of antibodies does a Type O person have? Who can they recieve blood from?

A

They have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in thier plasma. While their RBC’s have no antigens on them. They can only recieve blood from other Type O’s.

25
Q

Who is the universal donor?

A

O-negative

26
Q

Who is the universal acceptor?

A

AB positive

27
Q

What is the process of coagulation?

A

Extrinsic process is faster - the tissue factor from damaged tisue activate steh Common Pathway whihc is factor X, then changes prothrombin to thrombin whcih then changes fibringoen to fibrin creating teh clot.
Intrinsic Process - started by blood - factor XII activates which actives factor XI, then Factor IX, which combined with activated factor VIII, joins the common pathway.

28
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia is an x-linked herediary disoder. In Hemophilia A factor VIII is affected. In Hemophilia B factor IX is affected.

29
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Defective paltlet fomation in teh bone marrow resulting in platlet counts of less than 20,000.

30
Q

What vitamin affects clotting?

A

Vitamin K because it is needed for the synthesis of prothrombin

31
Q

What role does calcium play in clotting process?

A

Calcium is needed to bind activated factor VIII to Factor X. It is also needed to bind prothrombin to the other factors.

31
Q

How does prothrombin work?

A

It affects the clotting process. It is used to measure the clotting process and tell how good it is. It turns into Thrombin.

32
Q

What kind of tissue gives rise to the human skeleton?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

33
Q

What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis

34
Q

What is PTH?

A

PTH is parathyroid hormone. It is used to increase the number and activity of ostoeclasts. This increases the amount of calcium.

35
Q

What is a normal hematocrit reading?

A

Hematocrit is the percent of cells by volume. Normally should be about 45% cells.

35
Q

Adult v Infant Skeleton? Major Differences?

A

In an infant skeleton the frontal bone is in 2 parts, the skull bones are thin and flexible, and the epiphysis of long bones are still mostly cartilage. Additonally there are fibrous membranes that connect cranial bones called fonatnaels or soft spots. Infants have a small face, prominent forehead, larger eye sockets, smaller jaw and nasal cavity. As you grow the epiphyseal disks close and become more bone and less cartialge. Also lose fontanels and skull bones become thicker and stronger.

35
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

This decreases the number of osteoclasts. Which causes a decrease in blood calcium.

36
Q

How are bone fractures repaired?

A
  1. Bleeding occurs
  2. A hematoma or precallus forms
  3. Fibrobalsts invade procallus and fibers are produced
  4. Fibrocartilagenous callus replaces procallus within a few days
  5. bony matrix is laid down and fibrous callus is taken by osteoclasts
  6. bony callus knits ends of bones together
  7. Bony calus is orignally spongy, forms into compact bone under the influence of stress and osteoclasts re-absorb excess bone
37
Q

What are epiphyseal plates?

A

They are also known as growth plates and they are in long bones. They produce cartilage that causes your long bones to continue to grow longer.

38
Q

How do epiphyseal plates help doctors?

A

Growth plates eventually close, usually around puberty. They also begin to change and start closing at the beginning of puberty and adolescence so doctors can look at these to see if you are growing normally or if you need medical help.

39
Q

What determines someones blood type?

A

A persons blood type is determined by there parents and what alleles they have to pass down.

40
Q

What is articular cartilage and why is it good?

A

Articualr cartialge is hyaline cartilage and it is use in joints to provide cushion, and it provides cushion between bones.

41
Q

What is a cause of a low hematocrit?

A

This occurs when there are less cells than normal. This can be caused by anemia, kidney failure, or pregnancy.

41
Q

What is a cause of a high hematocrit?

A

There are more cells than usual which can be caused by dehydration or polycythemia, which is an increase in WBC.

Anatomy Semester 2 Review (4 decks)

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