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Anatomy Semester 2 Review > Unit 7: Cardiovascular and Respiratory > Flashcards

Unit 7: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the flow of cardiac conduction starting with the SA node?

A

SA node (Right Atrium)
Pacemaker to start contraction signal
Goes to AV node - to hold and amplify signal
Bundle of His
Interventricular Septum
Left/Right Bundle Branch
Purkinje Fibers
Ventricles Contract

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2
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

It is the volume of blood per beat and is used as an indication of heart efficiency. It is difficult to change, but as heart rate decreases the stroke volume will increase due to CO = SVxHR.

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3
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

It is the volume of blood pumped per minute and it is changed to meet the bodies metabolic needs. This can be calcualted through CO=SVxHR, or Starling’s Law.

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4
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

It is air moving in and out of the lungs. Basically breathing.

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5
Q

What is external respiration?

A

It is gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli.

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6
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange at the tissue capillaries

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7
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is the use of oxygen to make ATP

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7
Q

What is expiration?

A

It is the exhalation of air. It is mostly passive and relies more on the elasticity of the lungs instead of muscle contraction.

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8
Q

What is and how do you get a pneumothorax?

A

A pneumothorax occurs when there is air in teh caivty bewteen teh lungs and teh chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This can be caused by truama to the chest cavity like a stab wound.

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8
Q

What is inspiration?

A

It is a breath in. This relies on muscular contraction, including the diaphragm incresing in size.

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9
Q

Why is surfactant important in newborns?

A

Surfactant is important becuase it helps reduce friction in the lungs. It is especially important in newborns to make sure thier lungs stay open and do not get stuck closed due to friction.

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10
Q

How do CO2 levels determine rate and depth of respiration?

A

CO2 becomes Carbonic acid which decreases the pH (becomes more acidic) this causes a change to rate and depth of respiration. Hypoventilation increases CO2 levels, which Hyperventilation gets rid of too much CO2 causing you too lose the signal to breathe, which can lead to fainting.

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11
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

It hels control teh respiratory rhythym and depth. It contains a self-exciting inspiratory center.

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12
Q

What does the Pons control?

A

It helps control the respiratoy rhythm and depth. It smooths out the basic rhythm set by the medulla.

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13
Q

How do we contol muscle activity of the lungs?

A

By the phrenic and intercostal nerve

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14
Q

What do cilia and mucus do?

A

Cilia helps to sweep the mucus that moistens air and traps bacteria into the throat.

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15
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

The “lubb” sound occus when the venttricles contract and the atria enters diastole, the sound is caused by the A-V valves slamming shut.

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16
Q

What causes the “dubb” sound?

A

The “dubb” is the second heart sound, caused by the semilunar valves slamming shut, occuring when both the atria and ventricles are in diastole.

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17
Q

How is oxygen carried throughout the body?

A

Most of it attaches to hemoglobin, a very small amount is carried in plasma.

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18
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?

A

Most of it is transported as bicarbonate, while a smaller amount is carried by hemoglobin.

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19
Q

What is the singificance of the P-Wave?

A

It is the first bump on the EKG and it signifies when teh atria contract.

19
Q

What is the QRS wave and its singificance?

A

When all is working correctly it should be the steepest peak on the EKG. It signifies the ventricles contracting. This is also when atrial relaxation occurs, but it is hidden by the ventricle contraction.

20
Q

What is the T-wave?

A

It is the final bumb after the QRS wave. It signifies the venticles beginning to relax.

21
Q

What can an EKG diagnose?

A

Conduction blocks, electrolyte abnormalities, and ischemic/scarred tissue

22
Q

When is atrial and ventiruclar diastole?

A

It is the first step in the cardiac cycle, called passive ventricular filling, when about 70-80% of the blood entering the atria goes directly to the ventricles.

22
Q

When does the atrium contract?

A

During active ventricular filling there is atrial systole and ventruclar diastole where the remianing blood in the atria goes into the ventricles.

23
Q

When does ventricular systole occur?

A

During isovolumetric contraction, when the lubb sound is heard, all valves are closed.

24
Q

What is the second period of ventiruclar systole and atrial diastole called?

A

The period of ejection is when the semilunar valves reopen and blood rushes into the pulmonary trunk

25
Q

What is the final stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation occurs when both the atria and ventricles are in diastole and the SL valves slam shut which is the dubb sound.

26
Q

What are the Semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and Pulmonary valves

27
Q

What are the AV valves?

A

The tricuspid and bicuspid valves

28
Q

Why is calcium important to the cardiac cycle?

A

It causes the plateau in the action potential by maintaining depolarization

29
Q

What is afterload?

A

The pressure the ventricles must pump against to open the SL valves.

30
Q

What part of the nervous system increases heart rate?

A

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by secreting norepinephrine.

31
Q

What part of the nervous system decreases heart rate?

A

The parasympathetic will slow down the heart rate to about 70-80bpm.

32
Q

What is the strucutre of an artery and its function?

A

Its job is to carry blood away from the heart. It is mad eup of the Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, and Tunica externa.

33
Q

What is the strucutre of a vein and its function?

A

Its job is to carry blood back to the heart. It is also made up of the tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa. However, the veins contain one-way valves.

34
Q

What is the strucutre of a capillary and its function?

A

Capillaries are used to diffuse nutrients into tissues and gather waste from the tissues. They are one cell thick, so basically the tunica interna. Have precapillary sphincters to regulate where the blood flows so it goes to where it is needed.

35
Q

How do you write BP and what is a normal BP?

A

It is systolic oer diastolic and normal is less than 140/90.

36
Q

What can increase BP?

A

Cardiac Output, Blood Volume, arterial wall diameter, and hematocrit (blood becomes too thick)

37
Q

What can decrease BP?

A

Blood volume like hemorrhaging

38
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve and what does it do?

A

it is located between the right atriuma nd right ventircle and takes deoxygenated blood between the two.

39
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

RIght ventricle to the pulmonary arteries taking deoxygenated blood out of the heart ot the lungs.

40
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve and what does it do?

A

It is between the left atrium and left ventricle and pumps oxygenated blood down to the ventricles.

41
Q

Where is the aortic valve and what does it do?

A

It is between the left atrium and the aorta and controls when oxygenated blood is sent to the rest of the body.

42
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues liek in carbon monoxide poisoning.

43
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Ischemia occurs when blood lfow to a part of the body is resticted or reduced, so less oxygen is getting to that area.

44
Q

What is crushing chest pain caused by oxygen deprivation of the myocardium called?

A

Angina Pectoris

45
Q

How does carbon dioxide affect breathing?

A

It is the marker for depth and rate of breathing, so too much or too little CO2 will change your breathing pattern.

46
Q

What is the process of Internal Respiration?

A

When ocygen is released from teh HB and is now deoxyhemoglobin. The carbon dioxide then diffuses form teh tissue sinto the capillaries and becoems carbonic acid, which is then bicarbonate and protons.

47
Q
A

Anatomy Semester 2 Review (4 decks)

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