Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Question 1

Imperialism

Answer 1

Expanding a countries influence and power into other territories

Question 2

How did the Industrial Revolution cause “New Imperialism”?

Answer 2

𝐄𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: Need for raw materials and new markets for industry

𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬: Brought steam-powered technology and transportation that allowed for communication and transport over large distances

Question 3

Difference between new and old imperialism

Answer 3

Old Imperialism - Based on mercantilism with government involvement

New Imperialism - Based on capitalism to find raw materials like palm oil for industry

Question 4

Spheres of Influence

Answer 4

Areas in China where Imperialist nation had trading privileges. These privileges allowed European powers to exploit China’s resources and markets. They established their own banks, railways, and industries within their spheres, like a monopoly on economic power.

Question 5

Boer Wars

Answer 5

When British took over the Dutch in Cape Colony, they conflicted with the Afrikaners (Dutch) and natives (Zulu kingdom). These wars over land were the Boer wars, eventually forced Afrikaners and Zulu into concentration camps while Britain got Cape Colony.

Question 6

Manifest Destiny

Answer 6

United States “right” to expand westward, which idea justified imperialism to the West.

Question 7

Sino-Japanese war

Answer 7

War between Japan and China to gain influence over Korea

Question 8

Social Darwinism

Answer 8

Natural selection in society; fittest species were the ones that survived which proved the West to be superior (ex. whites had larger skulls)

Question 9

Suez Canal

Answer 9

Canal built by British in Egypt as a faster trade route to Asia instead of going around Africa

Question 10

Settler Colony

Answer 10

Colony when people from the imperial nation live in

Question 11

Penal Colony

Answer 11

Colony in which criminals are sent from the imperial nation to do labor

Question 12

King Leopold II

Answer 12

King of Belgium that personally owned Congo and economically exploited by keeping Congos profits, terrible working conditions, and later forcing Congo under Belgium rule.

Question 13

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 13

Workers and other lowerclassmen attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty; internal conflict in China that caused spheres of influence

Question 14

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 14

Anti-imperialist social group in China that attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians

Question 15

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 15

Warning by United States to European powers not to interfere/imperialize America

Question 16

Where are nations imperializing?

Answer 16

𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧:
- West Africa
- Cape Colony (South Africa)
- India
- Australia + New Zealand
- Egypt
𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞:
- North Africa (Algeria)
𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦
- Congo
𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐲 & 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲:
- Africa
𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐧:
- Chile/Peru
- Africa
𝐉𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐧:
- Korea
𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚:
- Eastern Europe like Finland & border countries
- Central Asia like Armenia & Georgia
- Alaska
𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬:
- Westward expansion
- Philippines, Puerto rico, Cuba
- Hawaii
*Note most power had spheres of Influence in China

Question 17

Causes of Imperialism

Answer 17

1. 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐬
   
   • White mans burden
   • Social Darwinism
   • Civilizing mission
   • Religion
2. 𝐄𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐬
   
   • New raw materials + new markets
3. 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦 - Spread identity by imperializing

Question 18

What was new imperialism at the end of the 1900s?

Answer 18

New Imperialism in the Industrial Revolution involved capitalism rather than old mercantilism policies, so corporations and companies were involved with little government involvement in facilitating the global economy. Capitalism was the motivator.
Ex. British East Indian Company & Dutch East India company.

Question 19

What was Europe’s relationship with Africa prior to imperialism?

Answer 19

Europe and Africa were previously involved in the Transatlantic slave trade, where Europe traded weapons for slaves sent to America.

Question 20

European presence was specifically limited in Africa at first. Why did this change?

Answer 20

It was limited because of treaties with African rulers that benefited both sides in trade and maintained peace. As competition grew in Africa, Europeans violated these treaties and took over by military force.

Question 21

What was the significance of the Suez Canal?

Answer 21

The suez canal meant Europeans didn’t have to go around Africa to trade with Asia, but just in Egypt, allowing much faster maritime trade in between Europe and Asia.

Question 22

What were three things Britain was bringing to it’s colonies?

Answer 22

• Western Education
• Western Medicine
• Christianity

Question 23

6. How does Britain expand its empire in West Africa?

Answer 23

Britian used diplomacy and warfare to expand its empire into West Africa. Previously, Britian had signed treaties with African rulers that maintained peace and trade, but Britain violated these as imperial competition grew in Africa, leading to Britian taking over parts of West Africa with military force.

Question 24

How did the French use Algeria?

Answer 24

Took over Algeria from Ottomans and established it as a settler colony, attracting many European immigrants.

Question 25

Scramble for Africa

Answer 25

Competition between European powers to colonize Africa

Question 26

Berlin Conference

Answer 26

Conference between European leaders that divided up Africa between each nation to prevent conflict. Because African leaders were left out, borders divided long-unified groups and unified rival groups, leading to current-day conflict.

Question 27

How was China imperialized differently than other colonies?

Answer 27

European countries economically imperialized China while they had internal challenges. This created Sphere’s of Influence, areas where each European power had large influence over the economy with special trading rights.

Question 28

What were the internal problems within China during imperialism?

Answer 28

1. Taiping Rebellion 2. Agriculture devastation 3. Bubonic Plague 4. Boxer Rebellion

Question 29

Imperialism in Southeast Asia (search up map)

Answer 29

𝐃𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐡: Dutch East India Company replaced Portugal in spice trade, setting up trading posts. Dutch government took control of the land, producing cash crops. 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡: Took control over Vietnam and Cambodia, producing cash crops 𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐡: Founded port of Singapore, producing cash crops like palm oil and large amounts of rubber. 𝐒𝐢𝐚𝐦: Modernizing reforms like Japan, industrializing and forming a western-style society

Question 30

Great Game

Answer 30

Conflict between Russia and Britain for Afghanistan

Question 31

How did the US imperialize American lands?

Answer 31

The US forced Natives to relocate to a designated Indian Territory in Oklahoma, this dangerous relocation know as the Trail of Tears.

Question 32

Balkan Nationalism Movements

Answer 32

Balkans emerged nationalism movements within the Balkan ethnicity, inspired by the French revolution. Examples of nations freed from the Ottomans are Greece, Serbia, and Bugaria.

Question 33

Pan-Africanism

Answer 33

Western-educated Africans developed nationalism

Question 34

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Answer 34

Native South Africans fought Britain and there cattle died off from European cattle diseases. Xhosa killed the rest of there cattle thinking there spirits would drive the Europeans out in the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement; LOST

Question 35

Outcomes of African resistance

Answer 35

𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐨-𝐙𝐮𝐥𝐮 𝐖𝐚𝐫: Zulu’s LOST- British won 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐢 𝐓𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐞’𝐬 𝐖𝐚𝐫: Samory Toure LOST- French won 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭: Sudanese won at first; LOST later- British won 𝐘𝐚𝐚 𝐀𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝐖𝐚𝐫: Asante LOST- British won

Question 36

What three factors drove economic imperialism?

Answer 36

1. 𝐑𝐚𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐬 - Colonies provided the raw materials factories needed to produce goods 2. 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 - People in colonies were potential consumers of goods 3. 𝐅𝐨𝐨𝐝 - Increased population increased demand for food. To keep up with demand, colonies would grow and provide crops/livestock

Question 37

Benefits of Railroads in colonies

Answer 37

1. Lower cost of Shipping (ancient amazon shipping) 2. Opened colonial markets

Question 38

How did the Cherokee assimilate to white settler culture?

Answer 38

They adopted a Western-style society including adopting similar agriculture and architecture and making a new language. Even so, they were negatively impacted when 𝐠𝐨𝐥𝐝 was discovered on there land so Americans forced them into Oklahoma by passing the 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐜𝐭.

Question 39

Ghost Dance

Answer 39

A prophet that said there ancestors spirits would drive the white people off there native land. The natives did dance rituals to "hasten" the event.

Question 40

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 40

It gave the French land won by the British in the French & Indian war, to the Natives. Colonists disagreed and fought Britain for these new lands.

Question 41

Sepoys

Answer 41

Troops of Indians that fought for the British expansion into India

Question 42

What led to the 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕?

Answer 42

British used rifle cartridges with animal fat which was against both Muslim and Hindu beliefs. This led Sepoys to think the British were trying to convert them to Christianity.

Question 43

Philippine Revolution

Answer 43

Filipinos desired education as under Spanish rule, there was no public education and only the Wealthy could afford it. The Philippine Revolution started when revolts broke out in Manila.

Question 44

Treaty of Paris

Answer 44

Transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to America which continued resistance for independence.

Question 45

What led to the Ghost Dance resistance to Westward expansion?

Answer 45

After British won French-Indian war, the Proclamation of 1763 giving Britain France’s territory. The new territory was for Indians but colonists resisted and settled there. After colonists won American revolution, they kept pushing westward, passing the Indian removal Act.

Question 46

Cecil Road Railroad

Answer 46

Railroad stretching from Cape town in Cape Colony, to Cairo, Egypt. Meant to 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒚 British colonies and make 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 and 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒅 easier. Never made because British never got all colonies along African East coast.

Question 47

Telegraph

Answer 47

Allowed information to travel instantly. Telegraph systems were made mid-1800s like the 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 made between the United States and England.

Question 48

Subsistence farming vs. cash crops

Answer 48

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 - Growing just enough to live on 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐡 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐬 - Growing enough to live on and to sell (cotton, rubber, oil palms)

Question 49

What was the effect of the growth of the cash crop industry on food prices?

Answer 49

Food prices rose

Question 50

Guano

Answer 50

Seabird and bat poop in Peru/Chile used for fertilizer

Question 51

Monoculture

Answer 51

**Effect of cash crops**- Growth of only one crop leading to less agricultural diversity which damaged croplands

Question 52

Why was there a demand for Guano?

Answer 52

Increased global agriculture caused increased demand in fertilizer. Large supplies of Guano found in Chile/Peru were exported.

Question 53

Export Economy

Answer 53

Economy dependent on exporting goods. **Ex**. Colonies economy dependent on exporting raw materials to Imperial countries

Question 54

How did the American Civil War impact the cotton industry?

Answer 54

Prior, Britain got 80% of it’s cotton from the United States. United States weren’t able to export cotton during the American Civil War, so Britian turned to Egypt. By 1900, 90% of Egypts exports were cotton.

Question 55

Vulcanization

Answer 55

Process that produced rubber from rubber trees

Question 56

Where are rubber trees grown?

Answer 56

* Amazon Rainforest, South America * West Africa

Question 57

What was palm oil used for before and after imperialism?

Answer 57

*Continuity: Palm oil being valued* Prior to imperialism, Palm oil was grown and was even used as currency in Africa. When they were grown in cash crops, they were exported to Imperial nations to be used as a **lubricant** for factory machinery.

Question 58

Ivory

Answer 58

Raw material from tusks of elephants

Question 59

Impact of Diamond discovery in South Africa

Answer 59

Diamonds were discovered in South Africa, leading to the growth of diamond mining. **Cecil Rhodes** formed the **Da Beers Company**, a company that exported diamonds from South Africa. His wealth and power got him Prime Minister of Cape Colony, passing many racial laws leading to the apartheid.

Question 60

Nativism

Answer 60

Beliefs that favors native-born people over immigrants; motive for restricting immigration

Question 61

Laissez-faire ???

Question 62

Historical Development: India's economy change from textile manufacturing to cotton production?

Answer 62

Competition between Britain and India declined India's textile manufacturing, and increased cotton production to be exported to British factories to make textiles. Britain sold textiles back to india at higher price.

Question 64

Opium

Answer 64

raw material

Question 65

Consquences of Global Economic Development

Answer 65

1. **Interconnected Global Economy** - Industrial nations got raw materials from colonies, goods were sold back to colonies - Increased population means increased food demand, which was imported from colonies possible by technology like refrigeration 2. **Weakening of Colonies** - Colony economy were dependent on agriculture, which if something went wrong, would devastate there economy - Monocultures

Question 66

Things imperial countries needed from colonies (describe each):

Answer 66

1. Cash Crops 2. Meat 3. Guano 4. Raw materials - Cotton - Rubber - Palm Oil - Diamonds

Question 67

How did indutrialization cause economic imperialism?

Answer 67

Industrialized states like Britain, United States, etc… had economic power. With this power, they sought out new markets, raw materials, etc...

Question 68

What trade was the British East India Company involved in?

Answer 68

Spice trade →Textiles

Question 69

How did British solve the trade imbalance between Britain & China?

Answer 69

British desired Chinese goods, but the Chinese weren’t interested in British goods, so they grew opium in colonies, and exported it into China. Chinese got addicted to opium, increasing demand for the British good, opium.

Question 70

Opium Wars

Answer 70

After failed attempts by the Chinese government to ban opium, they fought against British abuse in the Opium wars. Result: British WON, economically imperializing China. Forced China to give British exclusive trading rights which other Imperial powers did, creating spheres of influence.

Question 71

Open Door Policy

Answer 71

All countries could trade equally with China to prevent one power from gaining total control of China.

Question 72

How did imperialization weaken Africa?

Answer 72

Colonies were dependent on cash crops that were exported to Europe, leaving them unstable if problems like drought occured.

Question 73

Economic Imperialism in Latin America

Answer 73

Britain replaced Spain as Latin America trading partners. Britain invested specifically in Argentina, developing farming and infrastructure. ex. building the Port of Buenos Aires to facilitate trade.

Question 74

Port of Buenos Aires

Answer 74

Port built by British to facilitate trade in Argentina

Question 75

Chile economy

Answer 75

Before: Economy dependent on exporting crops to Spain After discovery of copper: Economy based on exporting copper, without Spain

Question 76

Banana Republic

Answer 76

States economically dependent on exporting raw materials

Question 77

Economic Imperialism in Hawaii

Answer 77

United States economically imperialized Hawaii, later annexing it as a state

Question 78

People migrated for three reasons:

Answer 78

1. Labor 2. Home challenges 3. Settler colonies

Question 79

After slavery was abolished...

Answer 79

Europeans replaced slaves with indentured servants or low-wage workers

Question 80

Migration effects

Answer 80

**Social** - Demographic changes - Cultural-diffusion - Anti-immigrant laws **Economic** - Migrants replaced slaves as low-wage workers

Question 81

Types of labor after slavery

Answer 81

- Indentured servitude - Lower-wage - Contract Labor

Question 82

Asian Contract Laborers

Answer 82

To meet the labor demand after slavery, Chinese and Indians were forced into a contract. Contract labor had slave-like treatment with low pay. The media brought the treatment of Contract laborers to the public attention, ending it.

Question 83

British Penal Colonies

Answer 83

Criminals were sent to them, where they would work on public projects. Most ended up staying because of the Australian gold rush, which brought wealth to Australia.

Question 84

Diaspora

Answer 84

Movement of people away from native home (Caused by push/pull factors)

Question 85

Indian migration

Answer 85

India→Southeast Asia & Caribbean Islands 𝐏𝐮𝐬𝐡: Poverty, famine

Question 86

Chinese Immigration

Answer 86

China→America, Australia 𝐏𝐮𝐬𝐡: Opium wars, Taiping Rebellion 𝐏𝐮𝐥𝐥: Labor - Contributed greatly to building Trans-continental Railroad

Question 87

Italian Immigration

Answer 87

Italy→Argentina Pull: Higher wages, lower cost of living

Question 88

Japanese Immigration

Answer 88

Japan→America Pull: Education, labor

Question 89

Irish Immigration

Answer 89

Irish→North America Push: The Great Famine, Annexation of Ireland to Great Britian, discrimination for being Catholic

Question 90

Gentlemens Agreement

Answer 90

Agreement between Japan and US that the US wouldn’t put restrictions in place if Japan stopped emmigration to the U.S.

Question 91

Why did immigrants become targets of hate and discrimination?

Answer 91

Immigrants were taking jobs from citizens, because they were willing to work for lower wages.

Question 92

Chinese Exclusion Act

Question 93

White Australia Policy

Answer 93

Limited non-white immigrants from immigrating to Australia to keep Australia British.

Question 94

Men usually were the ones to leave there families to migrate somewhere else. How did the role of women change/stay the same in different situations?

Answer 94

𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞: Same 𝐍𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞: Women gained men's responsibilities 𝐖𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞: Same 𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝: Same/more responsibilities

Question 95

Remittance

Answer 95

Money from overseas labor sent back home

Question 96

Ethnic Enclave

Answer 96

Group of foriegners from the same country who live together; both influenced and gained new culture

Question 97

Examples of cultural diffusion from ethnic enclaves

Answer 97

- Chinese: Diffusion of Chinese foods and cooking methods of Peru created 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐮𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 - Irish: St. Patricks day in United States - Indian: Indians mixed there hinduism with Carribiean dance traditions

Question 98

Kangani System

Answer 98

**Kangani System**: Labor system in the British Southeast Asian colonies, where families worked on plantations like Indentured servants **Result**: Large amount of Indian migrants immigrated to British Southeast Asian colonies

Question 99

Where did some Chinese immigrants move to because of the Chinese Exclusion Act?

Answer 99

Some Chinese moved to Mexico, where Mexico promoted immigration. In Mexico, Chinese worked in better jobs than they did in the United States.

Question 100

Nativism

Answer 100

Beliefs that favors native-born people over immigrants; motive for restricting immigration

Question 101

Effects of Imperialism

Answer 101

- 𝐌𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 - Demographic changes - Ethnic Enclaves - Cultural Diffusion - 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭 - Colonies had Export- Economies - Industrial powers grew - 𝐒𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚 - Borders established - Divided/unified nations - 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧 - Nationalism - New states

Question 102

Civilizing Mission