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AP World History > Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization > Flashcards

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization Flashcards

1
Q

Imperialism

A

Expanding a countries influence and power into other territories

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2
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution cause “New Imperialism”?

A

𝐄𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: Need for raw materials and new markets for industry

𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬: Brought steam-powered technology and transportation that allowed for communication and transport over large distances

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3
Q

Difference between new and old imperialism

A

Old Imperialism - Based on mercantilism with government involvement

New Imperialism - Based on capitalism to find raw materials like palm oil for industry

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4
Q

Spheres of Influence

A

Areas in China where Imperialist nation had trading privileges. These privileges allowed European powers to exploit China’s resources and markets. They established their own banks, railways, and industries within their spheres, like a monopoly on economic power.

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5
Q

Boer Wars

A

When British took over the Dutch in Cape Colony, they conflicted with the Afrikaners (Dutch) and natives (Zulu kingdom). These wars over land were the Boer wars, eventually forced Afrikaners and Zulu into concentration camps while Britain got Cape Colony.

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6
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

United States “right” to expand westward, which idea justified imperialism to the West.

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7
Q

Sino-Japanese war

A

War between Japan and China to gain influence over Korea

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8
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Natural selection in society; fittest species were the ones that survived which proved the West to be superior (ex. whites had larger skulls)

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9
Q

Suez Canal

A

Canal built by British in Egypt as a faster trade route to Asia instead of going around Africa

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10
Q

Settler Colony

A

Colony when people from the imperial nation live in

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11
Q

Penal Colony

A

Colony in which criminals are sent from the imperial nation to do labor

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12
Q

King Leopold II

A

King of Belgium that personally owned Congo and economically exploited by keeping Congos profits, terrible working conditions, and later forcing Congo under Belgium rule.

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13
Q

Taiping Rebellion

A

Workers and other lowerclassmen attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty; internal conflict in China that caused spheres of influence

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14
Q

Boxer Rebellion

A

Anti-imperialist social group in China that attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians

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15
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

Warning by United States to European powers not to interfere/imperialize America

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16
Q

Where are nations imperializing?

A

𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧:
- West Africa
- Cape Colony (South Africa)
- India
- Australia + New Zealand
- Egypt
𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞:
- North Africa (Algeria)
𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦
- Congo
𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐲 & 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲:
- Africa
𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐧:
- Chile/Peru
- Africa
𝐉𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐧:
- Korea
𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚:
- Eastern Europe like Finland & border countries
- Central Asia like Armenia & Georgia
- Alaska
𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬:
- Westward expansion
- Philippines, Puerto rico, Cuba
- Hawaii
*Note most power had spheres of Influence in China

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17
Q

Causes of Imperialism

A
  1. 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐬
    • White mans burden
    • Social Darwinism
    • Civilizing mission
    • Religion
  2. 𝐄𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐬
    • New raw materials + new markets
  3. 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦 - Spread identity by imperializing
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18
Q

What was new imperialism at the end of the 1900s?

A

New Imperialism in the Industrial Revolution involved capitalism rather than old mercantilism policies, so corporations and companies were involved with little government involvement in facilitating the global economy. Capitalism was the motivator.
Ex. British East Indian Company & Dutch East India company.

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19
Q

What was Europe’s relationship with Africa prior to imperialism?

A

Europe and Africa were previously involved in the Transatlantic slave trade, where Europe traded weapons for slaves sent to America.

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20
Q

European presence was specifically limited in Africa at first. Why did this change?

A

It was limited because of treaties with African rulers that benefited both sides in trade and maintained peace. As competition grew in Africa, Europeans violated these treaties and took over by military force.

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21
Q

What was the significance of the Suez Canal?

A

The suez canal meant Europeans didn’t have to go around Africa to trade with Asia, but just in Egypt, allowing much faster maritime trade in between Europe and Asia.

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22
Q

What were three things Britain was bringing to it’s colonies?

A
  • Western Education
  • Western Medicine
  • Christianity
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23
Q
  1. How does Britain expand its empire in West Africa?
A

Britian used diplomacy and warfare to expand its empire into West Africa. Previously, Britian had signed treaties with African rulers that maintained peace and trade, but Britain violated these as imperial competition grew in Africa, leading to Britian taking over parts of West Africa with military force.

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24
Q

How did the French use Algeria?

A

Took over Algeria from Ottomans and established it as a settler colony, attracting many European immigrants.

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25
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

Competition between European powers to colonize Africa

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26
Q

Berlin Conference

A

Conference between European leaders that divided up Africa between each nation to prevent conflict. Because African leaders were left out, borders divided long-unified groups and unified rival groups, leading to current-day conflict.

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27
Q

How was China imperialized differently than other colonies?

A

European countries economically imperialized China while they had internal challenges. This created Sphere’s of Influence, areas where each European power had large influence over the economy with special trading rights.

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28
Q

What were the internal problems within China during imperialism?

A
  1. Taiping Rebellion
  2. Agriculture devastation
  3. Bubonic Plague
  4. Boxer Rebellion
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29
Q

Imperialism in Southeast Asia (search up map)

A

𝐃𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐡: Dutch East India Company replaced Portugal in spice trade, setting up trading posts. Dutch government took control of the land, producing cash crops.

𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡: Took control over Vietnam and Cambodia, producing cash crops

𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐡: Founded port of Singapore, producing cash crops like palm oil and large amounts of rubber.

𝐒𝐢𝐚𝐦: Modernizing reforms like Japan, industrializing and forming a western-style society

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30
Q

Great Game

A

Conflict between Russia and Britain for Afghanistan

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31
Q

How did the US imperialize American lands?

A

The US forced Natives to relocate to a designated Indian Territory in Oklahoma, this dangerous relocation know as the Trail of Tears.

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32
Q

Balkan Nationalism Movements

A

Balkans emerged nationalism movements within the Balkan ethnicity, inspired by the French revolution. Examples of nations freed from the Ottomans are Greece, Serbia, and Bugaria.

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33
Q

Pan-Africanism

A

Western-educated Africans developed nationalism

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34
Q

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

A

Native South Africans fought Britain and there cattle died off from European cattle diseases. Xhosa killed the rest of there cattle thinking there spirits would drive the Europeans out in the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement; LOST

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35
Q

Outcomes of African resistance

A

𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐨-𝐙𝐮𝐥𝐮 𝐖𝐚𝐫: Zulu’s LOST- British won

𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐢 𝐓𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐞’𝐬 𝐖𝐚𝐫: Samory Toure LOST- French won

𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭: Sudanese won at first; LOST later- British won

𝐘𝐚𝐚 𝐀𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝐖𝐚𝐫: Asante LOST- British won

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36
Q

What three factors drove economic imperialism?

A
  1. 𝐑𝐚𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐬 - Colonies provided the raw materials factories needed to produce goods
  2. 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 - People in colonies were potential consumers of goods
  3. 𝐅𝐨𝐨𝐝 - Increased population increased demand for food. To keep up with demand, colonies would grow and provide crops/livestock
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37
Q

Benefits of Railroads in colonies

A
  1. Lower cost of Shipping (ancient amazon shipping)
  2. Opened colonial markets
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38
Q

How did the Cherokee assimilate to white settler culture?

A

They adopted a Western-style society including adopting similar agriculture and architecture and making a new language. Even so, they were negatively impacted when 𝐠𝐨𝐥𝐝 was discovered on there land so Americans forced them into Oklahoma by passing the 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐜𝐭.

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39
Q

Ghost Dance

A

A prophet that said there ancestors spirits would drive the white people off there native land. The natives did dance rituals to “hasten” the event.

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40
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

It gave the French land won by the British in the French & Indian war, to the Natives. Colonists disagreed and fought Britain for these new lands.

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41
Q

Sepoys

A

Troops of Indians that fought for the British expansion into India

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42
Q

What led to the 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕?

A

British used rifle cartridges with animal fat which was against both Muslim and Hindu beliefs. This led Sepoys to think the British were trying to convert them to Christianity.

43
Q

Philippine Revolution

A

Filipinos desired education as under Spanish rule, there was no public education and only the Wealthy could afford it. The Philippine Revolution started when revolts broke out in Manila.

44
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

Transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to America which continued resistance for independence.

45
Q

What led to the Ghost Dance resistance to Westward expansion?

A

After British won French-Indian war, the Proclamation of 1763 giving Britain France’s territory. The new territory was for Indians but colonists resisted and settled there. After colonists won American revolution, they kept pushing westward, passing the Indian removal Act.

46
Q

Cecil Road Railroad

A

Railroad stretching from Cape town in Cape Colony, to Cairo, Egypt.
Meant to 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒚 British colonies and make 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 and 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝒊𝒅 easier. Never made because British never got all colonies along African East coast.

47
Q

Telegraph

A

Allowed information to travel instantly. Telegraph systems were made mid-1800s like the 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 made between the United States and England.

48
Q

Subsistence farming vs. cash crops

A

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 - Growing just enough to live on

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐡 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐬 - Growing enough to live on and to sell (cotton, rubber, oil palms)

49
Q

What was the effect of the growth of the cash crop industry on food prices?

A

Food prices rose

50
Q

Guano

A

Seabird and bat poop in Peru/Chile used for fertilizer

51
Q

Monoculture

A

Effect of cash crops- Growth of only one crop leading to less agricultural diversity which damaged croplands

52
Q

Why was there a demand for Guano?

A

Increased global agriculture caused increased demand in fertilizer. Large supplies of Guano found in Chile/Peru were exported.

53
Q

Export Economy

A

Economy dependent on exporting goods.
Ex. Colonies economy dependent on exporting raw materials to Imperial countries

54
Q

How did the American Civil War impact the cotton industry?

A

Prior, Britain got 80% of it’s cotton from the United States. United States weren’t able to export cotton during the American Civil War, so Britian turned to Egypt. By 1900, 90% of Egypts exports were cotton.

55
Q

Vulcanization

A

Process that produced rubber from rubber trees

56
Q

Where are rubber trees grown?

A
  • Amazon Rainforest, South America
  • West Africa
57
Q

What was palm oil used for before and after imperialism?

A

Continuity: Palm oil being valued
Prior to imperialism, Palm oil was grown and was even used as currency in Africa. When they were grown in cash crops, they were exported to Imperial nations to be used as a lubricant for factory machinery.

58
Q

Ivory

A

Raw material from tusks of elephants

59
Q

Impact of Diamond discovery in South Africa

A

Diamonds were discovered in South Africa, leading to the growth of diamond mining. Cecil Rhodes formed the Da Beers Company, a company that exported diamonds from South Africa. His wealth and power got him Prime Minister of Cape Colony, passing many racial laws leading to the apartheid.

60
Q

Nativism

A

Beliefs that favors native-born people over immigrants; motive for restricting immigration

61
Q

Laissez-faire ???

A
62
Q

Historical Development: India’s economy change from textile manufacturing to cotton production?

A

Competition between Britain and India declined India’s textile manufacturing, and increased cotton production to be exported to British factories to make textiles. Britain sold textiles back to india at higher price.

63
Q
A
64
Q

Opium

A

raw material

65
Q

Consquences of Global Economic Development

A
  1. Interconnected Global Economy
    • Industrial nations got raw materials from colonies, goods were sold back to colonies
    • Increased population means increased food demand, which was imported from colonies possible by technology like refrigeration
  2. Weakening of Colonies
    • Colony economy were dependent on agriculture, which if something went wrong, would devastate there economy
    • Monocultures
66
Q

Things imperial countries needed from colonies (describe each):

A
  1. Cash Crops
  2. Meat
  3. Guano
  4. Raw materials
    - Cotton
    - Rubber
    - Palm Oil
    - Diamonds
67
Q

How did indutrialization cause economic imperialism?

A

Industrialized states like Britain, United States, etc… had economic power. With this power, they sought out new markets, raw materials, etc…

68
Q

What trade was the British East India Company involved in?

A

Spice trade →Textiles

69
Q

How did British solve the trade imbalance between Britain & China?

A

British desired Chinese goods, but the Chinese weren’t interested in British goods, so they grew opium in colonies, and exported it into China. Chinese got addicted to opium, increasing demand for the British good, opium.

70
Q

Opium Wars

A

After failed attempts by the Chinese government to ban opium, they fought against British abuse in the Opium wars.
Result: British WON, economically imperializing China. Forced China to give British exclusive trading rights which other Imperial powers did, creating spheres of influence.

71
Q

Open Door Policy

A

All countries could trade equally with China to prevent one power from gaining total control of China.

72
Q

How did imperialization weaken Africa?

A

Colonies were dependent on cash crops that were exported to Europe, leaving them unstable if problems like drought occured.

73
Q

Economic Imperialism in Latin America

A

Britain replaced Spain as Latin America trading partners. Britain invested specifically in Argentina, developing farming and infrastructure. ex. building the Port of Buenos Aires to facilitate trade.

74
Q

Port of Buenos Aires

A

Port built by British to facilitate trade in Argentina

75
Q

Chile economy

A

Before: Economy dependent on exporting crops to Spain
After discovery of copper: Economy based on exporting copper, without Spain

76
Q

Banana Republic

A

States economically dependent on exporting raw materials

77
Q

Economic Imperialism in Hawaii

A

United States economically imperialized Hawaii, later annexing it as a state

78
Q

People migrated for three reasons:

A
  1. Labor
  2. Home challenges
  3. Settler colonies
79
Q

After slavery was abolished…

A

Europeans replaced slaves with indentured servants or low-wage workers

80
Q

Migration effects

A

Social
- Demographic changes
- Cultural-diffusion
- Anti-immigrant laws

Economic
- Migrants replaced slaves as low-wage workers

81
Q

Types of labor after slavery

A
  • Indentured servitude
  • Lower-wage
  • Contract Labor
82
Q

Asian Contract Laborers

A

To meet the labor demand after slavery, Chinese and Indians were forced into a contract. Contract labor had slave-like treatment with low pay. The media brought the treatment of Contract laborers to the public attention, ending it.

83
Q

British Penal Colonies

A

Criminals were sent to them, where they would work on public projects. Most ended up staying because of the Australian gold rush, which brought wealth to Australia.

84
Q

Diaspora

A

Movement of people away from native home
(Caused by push/pull factors)

85
Q

Indian migration

A

India→Southeast Asia & Caribbean Islands
𝐏𝐮𝐬𝐡: Poverty, famine

86
Q

Chinese Immigration

A

China→America, Australia
𝐏𝐮𝐬𝐡: Opium wars, Taiping Rebellion
𝐏𝐮𝐥𝐥: Labor

  • Contributed greatly to building Trans-continental Railroad
87
Q

Italian Immigration

A

Italy→Argentina
Pull: Higher wages, lower cost of living

88
Q

Japanese Immigration

A

Japan→America
Pull: Education, labor

89
Q

Irish Immigration

A

Irish→North America
Push: The Great Famine, Annexation of Ireland to Great Britian, discrimination for being Catholic

90
Q

Gentlemens Agreement

A

Agreement between Japan and US that the US wouldn’t put restrictions in place if Japan stopped emmigration to the U.S.

91
Q

Why did immigrants become targets of hate and discrimination?

A

Immigrants were taking jobs from citizens, because they were willing to work for lower wages.

92
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A
93
Q

White Australia Policy

A

Limited non-white immigrants from immigrating to Australia to keep Australia British.

94
Q

Men usually were the ones to leave there families to migrate somewhere else. How did the role of women change/stay the same in different situations?

A

𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞: Same
𝐍𝐨 𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞: Women gained men’s responsibilities
𝐖𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞: Same
𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝: Same/more responsibilities

95
Q

Remittance

A

Money from overseas labor sent back home

96
Q

Ethnic Enclave

A

Group of foriegners from the same country who live together; both influenced and gained new culture

97
Q

Examples of cultural diffusion from ethnic enclaves

A
  • Chinese: Diffusion of Chinese foods and cooking methods of Peru created 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐮𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞
  • Irish: St. Patricks day in United States
  • Indian: Indians mixed there hinduism with Carribiean dance traditions
98
Q

Kangani System

A

Kangani System: Labor system in the British Southeast Asian colonies, where families worked on plantations like Indentured servants
Result: Large amount of Indian migrants immigrated to British Southeast Asian colonies

99
Q

Where did some Chinese immigrants move to because of the Chinese Exclusion Act?

A

Some Chinese moved to Mexico, where Mexico promoted immigration. In Mexico, Chinese worked in better jobs than they did in the United States.

100
Q

Nativism

A

Beliefs that favors native-born people over immigrants; motive for restricting immigration

101
Q

Effects of Imperialism

A
  • 𝐌𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
    • Demographic changes
    • Ethnic Enclaves
    • Cultural Diffusion
  • 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭
    • Colonies had Export-
      Economies
    • Industrial powers grew
  • 𝐒𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚
    • Borders established
    • Divided/unified nations
  • 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞/𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧
    • Nationalism
    • New states
102
Q

Civilizing Mission

A
103
Q
A

AP World History (9 decks)

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