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ap psychology > unit 6 - developmental psychology > Flashcards

unit 6 - developmental psychology Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of the physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg, lasts two weeks

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3
Q

embryo

A

developing human organism, begins at two weeks

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4
Q

fetus

A

developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

agents that can reach the embryo during prenatal development and cause harm (ex. chemicals and viruses)

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6
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation (used to explore infants abilities)

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7
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

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8
Q

infantile amnesia

A

the inability to remember clearly or accurately the first years of life

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9
Q

jean piaget

A

developmental psychologist who created a theory that all humans progress through four cognitive developmental stages

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10
Q

schemas

A

a concept or mental image that provides a framework for understanding future experiences

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11
Q

assimilation

A

incorporating new information into our existing schemas without modification

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12
Q

accommodation

A

adjusting out schemas to fit the particulars of new experiences

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13
Q

piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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14
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years, infants experience their world through their senses and motor activities. have object permanence

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15
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived. begins at 8 months

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16
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-6/7 years, child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. lacks conservation, has egocentrism, and the theory of mind

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17
Q

conservation

A

the child doesn’t understand that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same even if the object’s form changes

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18
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to take another’s point of view

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19
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental stages

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20
Q

concrete operational stage

A

6/7-11 years, children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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21
Q

formal operational stage

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A

12+ years, people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

22
Q

lev vygotsky

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A

russian developmental psychologist who said children learn best by interacting with others

23
Q

attachment

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A

an emotional tie; survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers

24
Q

critical period

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A

an optimal period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experience produces normal development

25
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period. introduced by konrad lorenz
26
securely attached
a positive parent-child relationship in which the child displays confidence when the parent leaves and finds comfort when the parent returns
27
insecurely attached
generally a negative parent-child relationship marked by anxiety or avoidance that resists closeness
28
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. positive self-concepts: more confident, independent, optimistic, and sociable. emerges at 12-18 months
29
diana baumrind
researched parenting styles; authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
30
authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience. effect on children: less social skills & self-esteem
31
permissive
parents submit to their children's desires. parents make few demands and little punishments. effect on children: more aggressive & immature
32
authoritative
parents are demanding and responsive. set rules and enforce them while explaining them. effect on children: highest self-esteem self-reliance, and social competence
33
primary sexual characteristics
the body structures directly involved in reproduction
34
secondary sexual characteristics
characteristics not directly involved in reproduction (voice quality, body hair, etc)
35
lawrence kohlberg
harvard psychologist who researched moral development. proposed 3 stages of development; preconventional, conventional, and post conventional
36
preconventional level
the first stage of moral development. from birth-9 years. moral values reside in a person's own needs and wants. characterized by a desire to avoid punishment or gain reward
37
conventional level
second stage of moral development from 9-19 and beyond. morality of law & social rules. moral judgments are made to get approval by pleasing & helping others and being good citizens
38
post conventional level
third stage of moral development. adolescence to beyond. morality of the abstract. rules agreed on by the whole society are accepted as binding, yet looked on as subject to change (ex. thanos)
39
cultural bias
a criticism of kohlberg's theory. collectivist cultures see morality as tied in with the good of the community, not to some personal standard
40
erik erikson
psychologist who created a theory that each stage of life has a crisis that needs resolution. 8 stages
41
1st stage - erik erikson
trust vs mistrust. from 0-1 year
42
2nd stage - erik erikson
autonomy vs shame & doubt. from 1-3 years
43
3rd stage - erik erikson
initiative vs guilt. from 3-6 years
44
4th stage - erik erikson
industry vs inferiority. from 6-12 years
45
5th stage - erik erikson
identity vs role confusion. from 12-19 years
46
6th stage - erik erikson
intimacy vs isolation. from 20-40 years
47
7th stage - erik erikson
generativity vs stagnation. from 40-64 years
48
8th stage - erik erikson
ego integrity vs despair. from 65-death
49
emerging adulthood
a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
50
midlife transition
as people enter their forties they undergo a midlife transition into middle adulthood, which for some, is a crisis
51
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of special events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

ap psychology (15 decks)

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