Unit 6: Making Life Work

Question 1

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 1

Provides energy in a form that can be easily used for cellular processes

Question 2

Phototrophs

Answer 2

Organisms that capture energy from sunlight

Question 3

Chemotrophs

Answer 3

Organisms that derive their energy from organic molecules

Question 4

Autotrophs

Answer 4

Organisms that make their own sources of carbon

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

Organisms that rely on other organisms for their organic source of carbon

Question 6

Metabolism

Answer 6

The entire set of chemical reactions that convert molecules into other molecules and transfer energy in living organisms

Question 7

Catabolism

Answer 7

The set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units and produce ATP

Question 8

Anabolism

Answer 8

The set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units and require an input of energy from ATP

Question 9

Kinetic Energy

Answer 9

The energy of motion

Question 10

Potential Energy

Answer 10

Stored energy

Question 11

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 11

Energy is neither created nor destroyed

Question 12

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 12

The transformation of energy is associated with an increase in disorder of the universe

Question 13

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

Answer 13

The energy available to do work

Question 14

Exergonic

Answer 14

Reactions with a negative delta g that release energy and proceed spontaneously

Question 15

Endergonic

Answer 15

Reactions with a positive delta G that require an input of energy and are not spontaneous

Question 16

Enthalpy (H)

Answer 16

The total amount of energy

Question 17

Entropy (S)

Answer 17

The degree of disorder

Question 18

Absolute Temperature (T)

Answer 18

Temperature measured in degrees Kelvin

Question 19

Energetic Coupling

Answer 19

A spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous one

Question 20

Enzymes

Answer 20

Catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed

Question 21

Transition State

Answer 21

The intermediate stage between reactants and products

Question 22

Activation Energy (EA)

Answer 22

The energy input necessary to reach the transition state

Question 23

Substrate (S)

Answer 23

A reactant in an uncatalyzed reaction

Question 24

Active Site

Answer 24

The portion of the enzyme that binds substrate and converts it to product

Question 25

Inhibitors

Answer 25

Decrease the activity of enzymes

Question 26

Activators

Answer 26

Increase the activity of enzymes

Question 27

Irreversible Inhibitors

Answer 27

Form covalent bonds with enzymes and irreversibly activate them

Question 28

Reversible Inhibitors

Answer 28

Form weak bonds with enzymes and easily dissociate from them

Question 29

Competitive Inhibitors

Answer 29

Bind to the active site of the enzyme that prevent the binding of the substrate

Question 30

Non-Competitive Inhibitors

Answer 30

Have a structure different from that of the substrate and bind to the enzyme at a site different from the active site

Question 31

Negative Feedback

Answer 31

The final product inhibits the first step of the reaction

Question 32

Allosteric Enzymes

Answer 32

Change their shape or conformation on binding to a substrate, activator, or inhibitor, causing a change in shape that influences the activity of the enzyme by either activating it or inhibiting it

Question 33

Cofactor

Answer 33

A substance that associates with an enzyme and plays a key role in its function