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Honors World History A > Unit 6: Medieval-Renaissance Europe > Flashcards

Unit 6: Medieval-Renaissance Europe Flashcards

1
Q

Feudalism Definition

A

a political, military, and social system based on landownership in which workers do agricultural labor for the landowner in exchange for a portion of their crops and the landowner provides military protection

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2
Q

Holy Roman Empire Definition

A

an empire that originated in Germany under Charlemagne (800 CE) and extended loosely throughout Western Europe into France, named as a reference to the past power of the Roman Empire and the unifying force of the Catholic Church

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3
Q

Knight Definition

A

an appointed soldier on horseback who served a lord on a manor during the Middle Ages; a warrior of noble birth who pledged loyalty to their lord

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4
Q

Low Countries Definition

A

Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in coastal northwestern Europe

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5
Q

Manorialism Definition

A

a political system in which peasant farmers depended on the land and protection of a lord (manorial system); an economic system that describes how peasants create and produce products that keep manors self-sufficient

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6
Q

Medieval Definition

A

relating to the Middle Ages in Europe

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7
Q

Middle Ages Definition

A

a period from the fifth to fifteenth centuries in Europe, from the fall of the Roman Empire through the Renaissance; a period in European history that lasted from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century to the Renaissance, or the voyages of Christopher Columbus, in the fifteenth century

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8
Q

Postclassical Definition

A

period of time in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, from about 500 CE to 1500 CE

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9
Q

Roman Empire Definition

A

the large centralized government controlled by an emperor in Rome that included the Mediterranean region, northern Africa, and Western Asia

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10
Q

Serf Definition

A

a peasant farmworker under the feudal system in Europe

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11
Q

Three-field System Definition

A

a crop rotation cycle in which fields are planted with different crops every year for a period of three years and one of those years is left fallow (without planting)

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12
Q

Vassal Definition

A

an individual who was appointed to serve a lord as a soldier during the Middle Ages; a medieval landowner who swears loyalty in exchange for a fief

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13
Q

Vikings Definition

A

northern European seafaring people who raided, traded, and traveled throughout different parts of Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries

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14
Q

Fief Definition

A

a piece of property designated by a lord or vassal for a serf to use to support themselves in exchange for service or obligation to the lord or vassal; an estate owned by a lord

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15
Q

Lord Definition

A

a feudal superior, especially the proprietor of a manor house

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16
Q

Abbey Definition

A

similar to a monastery; a building where monks, nuns, or other religious devotees reside

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17
Q

Commendation Definition

A

an act of praise or promotion

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18
Q

Excommunicate Definition

A

to exclude from the Church and Church-associated activities

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19
Q

Fealty Definition

A

the serfs’ or vassals’ rent or payment due to the lord in a feudal system

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20
Q

Homage Definition

A

a formal demonstration of devotion and allegiance

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21
Q

Truce of God Definition

A

a medieval Church declaration of peace on designated days, universally banning warfare among participating European territories

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22
Q

Anti-semitism Definition

A

prejudice against Jewish people

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23
Q

Bubonic Plague Definition

A

referred to as the Black Death during the Middle Ages; a deadly pandemic of a bacteria in the 1300s that caused the population of Europe to drop by 30–60 percent

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24
Q

City-state Definition

A

an independently ruled city that acts as the political, social, and economic center of the surrounding territory

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25
Q

Crusades Definition

A

religious wars during the Middle Ages sanctioned by the Catholic Church to expand Christianity into the Holy Lands; a series of military and religious movements by European Christians seeking to conquer Muslim lands associated with the life of Jesus, expand Christianity, and suppress heresy in Europe

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26
Q

Knighthood Definition

A

a title of honor given by a monarch to a soldier based on loyalty and service to his country

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27
Q

Monastery Definition

A

a building where monks reside, practice, and teach religious doctrine

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28
Q

Page Definition

A

the lowest rank toward knighthood

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29
Q

Renaissance Definition

A

the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European era focused on renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman ideals; an era in European history from 1340 to 1620 in which people began to show a greater interest in the arts and sciences

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30
Q

Squire Definition

A

a rank higher than page and working toward knighthood

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31
Q

Clergy Definition

A

the individuals who are ordained, or authorized, by a church to perform particular functions

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32
Q

Devolve Definition

A

referring to a power system in which authority is delegated

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33
Q

Great Schism of 1054 Definition

A

a split in the Christian church, forming the Western church and the Eastern church; also called the East-West Schism by historians

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34
Q

Iconography Definition

A

the power of images, visuals, and pictures

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35
Q

Nationalism Definition

A

an intense pride in one’s nation

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36
Q

Papacy Definition

A

relating to the authority and influence of the head of the Roman Catholic Church, the pope

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37
Q

Papal States Definition

A

a series of territories on the Italian peninsula that were under the direct rule of the pope for nearly 1,000 years until they became part of the new nation of Italy in 1870

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38
Q

Centralization Definition

A

the concentration of power under one major government

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39
Q

Constitutional Monarchy Definition

A

a system of government that has a monarch who is mainly a figurehead of the state and a legislative body (such as a parliament) that is in charge of the government

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40
Q

Nation-state Definition

A

an autonomous, self-governing entity that exerts political power inside and beyond its territorial borders

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41
Q

Parliament Definition

A

a legislative body of government

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42
Q

Precedent Definition

A

past court rulings that guide future court proceedings

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43
Q

Confederation Definition

A

a group or collection of political units that are loosely aligned

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44
Q

Duchy Definition

A

a medieval political unit ruled by a duke or duchess

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45
Q

Fiefdom Definition

A

the land granted by a powerful noble or member of the ruling class to a lower member of the nobility in exchange for service and loyalty

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46
Q

Permafrost Definition

A

a layer of land that is permanently frozen

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47
Q

Tribute Definition

A

a payment to a leader in the form of labor, goods, or money

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48
Q

Centralized Definition

A

power concentrated in one main place or individual

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49
Q

Decentralized Definition

A

power distributed to many places or individuals

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50
Q

Feudal Monarch Definition

A

a powerful landholding lord who governs a fief

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51
Q

Illuminated Manuscript Definition

A

a book created by hand before the invention of the movable type printing press in Europe; the name comes from the practice of illustrating these books in elaborate ways

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52
Q

Manor Definition

A

the home of the lord, surrounding buildings, and lands

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53
Q

Peasants Definition

A

the lowest class of society in a feudal system

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54
Q

Tithe Definition

A

a 10 percent tax paid by peasants to lords; a tax where the Church required Christians to pay an amount equal to one-tenth of their income

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55
Q

Benedictine Rule Definition

A

a series of rules developed by Benedict to regulate monastic life including emphasis on obedience, poverty, and chastity and to set clear divisions of the day into periods of worship, work, and study

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56
Q

Canon Law Definition

A

a body of laws created by a specific church

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57
Q

Convent Definition

A

a building or complex of buildings that served as a home, religious center, and workplace for nuns

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58
Q

Friar Definition

A

a monastic who traveled across wide areas to convert nonbelievers to Christianity during the Middle Ages rather than remain confined within a monastery

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59
Q

Heresy Definition

A

the beliefs or opinions contrary to conventional doctrine

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60
Q

Interdict Definition

A

the practice by the Roman Catholic Church for excommunicating an entire region or kingdom because local leaders refuse to follow Church law

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61
Q

Papal Supremacy Definition

A

the claim made by popes during the Middle Ages that they had ultimate authority over all secular rulers because they were “God’s representative on Earth”

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62
Q

Simony Definition

A

the selling of church office positions

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63
Q

Abbess Definition

A

a woman who headed a convent of nuns

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64
Q

Aristocracy Definition

A

government in which political power rests with a group of small, privileged elites

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65
Q

Desolate Definition

A

empty and bare

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66
Q

Destitute Definition

A

not having the basic needs of life

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67
Q

Monastic Definition

A

relating to monasteries

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68
Q

Monk Definition

A

a member of a religious organization of men living a contemplative and restrictive lifestyle

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69
Q

Noble Definition

A

a member of aristocracy

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70
Q

Nun Definition

A

a member of a religious organization of women living a contemplative and restrictive lifestyle

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71
Q

Tenet Definition

A

principle of a group or organization

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72
Q

Chivalry Definition

A

informal code of conduct for medieval knights

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73
Q

Colonialism Definition

A

when a country takes control of another country by sending settlers to the area

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74
Q

Franks Definition

A

a Germanic tribe living in Gaul that conquered part of Roman Empire

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75
Q

Shi’ite Definition

A

a division of Islam that believes the leader of the faith must be a descendant of the prophet Muhammad

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76
Q

Sunni Definition

A

a division of Islam that believes the leader of the faith should be selected by an elite group of followers and does not have to be a member of the prophet Muhammad’s family

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77
Q

Atone Definition

A

to make up for something bad or for one’s sins

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78
Q

Chronology Definition

A

an arrangement of events or items in the order they happened

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79
Q

Indulgence Definition

A

the Roman Catholic practice of absolving someone of their sin based on something they did while alive; the Roman Catholic Church at times offered indulgences as things that could be purchased or gained through holy acts

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80
Q

Pilgrimage Definition

A

a journey to a distant area often made by people in searching for greater meaning in their lives

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81
Q

Roman Catholic Church Definition

A

the religious institution that dominated Europe beginning approximately in the sixth century; prior to 1517, it was the official religion in most European states

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82
Q

Sequencing Definition

A

the practice of putting items in order to make meaning of them; historians usually apply sequencing to an order of events

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83
Q

Carolingian Dynasty Definition

A

the descendants of Charles Martel who ruled as kings of the Frankish realm

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84
Q

Germanic Tribes Definition

A

the peoples that lived in what is now called Eastern Europe and Scandinavia

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85
Q

Inculturation Definition

A

the missionary practice of adapting Christian beliefs and teachings by blending them with local culture

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86
Q

Merovingian Dynasty

A

the descendants of Merovech who ruled as kings of the Frankish realm

87
Q

Oath of Fealty Definition

A

the act of pledging loyalty to one’s lord in a formal, public ceremony

88
Q

Paupers Definition

A

a term sometimes used to describe poor people or the lower class in medieval society; comes from Latin

89
Q

Potents Definition

A

a term sometimes used to describe powerful people or the upper class in medieval society; comes from Latin

90
Q

Primogeniture Definition

A

the custom or law of inheritance by the oldest son

91
Q

Salic Law Definition

A

the civil code compiled by the Frankish king Clovis in the fifth century

92
Q

Clerical Celibacy Definition

A

the requirement that members of the clergy be unmarried

93
Q

Investiture Definition

A

a ceremony that raises someone to a higher rank

94
Q

Simony Definition

A

the buying and selling of positions in the church; the Roman Catholic practice of selling religious services and occasionally appointments to office

95
Q

Bubonic Plague Definition

A

a deadly contagion that originated in China and is transmitted to humans by lice and fleas

96
Q

Guild Definitionn

A

an organization formed by craftsmen in the Middle Ages that regulated the practice of their craft in a town or region

97
Q

City-state Definition

A

a political system in which the leaders of the city can make all decisions for the people within their territory and are not overruled by a larger centralized government

98
Q

Classical Period Definition

A

the two-hundred-year period from 480 BCE to 323 BCE in ancient Greece that saw the rise of Athenian democracy, the Peloponnesian Wars, and significant cultural advancements

99
Q

Inquisition Definition

A

a Church court whose mission was to investigate, arrest, and prosecute people accused of heresy

100
Q

Dark Ages Definition

A

an outdated term formerly used by historians to refer to the period after the fall of Rome when the arts and sciences saw little growth

101
Q

Humanism Definition

A

a devotion to the study of the disciplines of the humanities; an intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

102
Q

Medici Family Definition

A

a Florentine family who used their wealth acquired from banking and trading to become powerful in Italian politics and culture during the Renaissance

103
Q

Patron Definition

A

a person of wealth and influence who offers aids to an artist or writer

104
Q

Christian Humanism Definition

A

the application of individualism, human dignity, and happiness to the teachings of Jesus Christ

105
Q

Folly Definition

A

Foolishness

106
Q

Fresco Definition

A

a painting done in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling

107
Q

Humanities Definition

A

subjects such as history and poetry that were taught in ancient Greek and Roman schools; an academic area that studies grammar, history, poetry, and literature

108
Q

Individualism Definition

A

a social principle emphasizing independence and self-reliance

109
Q

Machiavellian Definition

A

describing the use of deceitful and unscrupulous practices in politics

110
Q

Naturalism Definition

A

a concept that depicts objects as they appear realistically in nature

111
Q

Punic Wars Definition

A

a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage during the third century BCE

112
Q

Rhetoric Definition

A

persuasive language used in speech or writing

113
Q

Utopian Definition

A

describing something that is idealistic or perfect

114
Q

Baptistery Definition

A

a chapel used for baptisms

115
Q

Classical Definition

A

relating to ancient Greek and Roman literature, art, and culture

116
Q

Council of Trent Definition

A

a group of Catholic leaders who met during the mid-1500s in response to Protestant challenges and to direct the future of the Roman Catholic Church

117
Q

Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) Definition

A

the Roman Catholic Church’s efforts during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to reform itself in order to slow the gains made by Protestantism in Europe

118
Q

Engraving Definition

A

a method of making prints from metal plates

119
Q

Flanders Definition

A

a region that is now part of northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands

120
Q

Flemish Definition

A

describing a person or thing from the region of Flanders

121
Q

Florentine Definition

A

describing a person or thing from the Italian city of Florence

122
Q

Form Definition

A

an artistic element that gives geometric shapes a three-dimensional appearance through the use of shading

123
Q

High Renaissance (Roman Renaissance) Definition

A

the time period from approximately 1490 to 1530 that resulted in the production of the most exceptional and best-known works of art, sculpture, and architecture in Rome and other Italian cities

124
Q

Madonna Definition

A

a portrait of the Virgin Mary

125
Q

Patronage Definition

A

financial support and encouragement given by an organization or individual

126
Q

Perspective Definition

A

an artistic element that gives objects a three-dimensional appearance through the use of length, width, and height

127
Q

Protestant Reformation Definition

A

the sixteenth-century religious reform movement in Europe challenging the authority and doctrine of the Catholic Church

128
Q

Proto-Renaissance Definition

A

the time period in Italy during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries that first saw the reemergence of classical art styles

129
Q

Realism Definition

A

the artistic movement that depicts the subject matter truthfully without added embellishments

130
Q

Sfumato Definition

A

a painting technique in which an artist softens the lines and blends different paints to create blurred areas in a painting

131
Q

Vatican Definition

A

the Italian city-state under the direct control of the pope

132
Q

Venerate Definition

A

to honor a religious figure with dedication and prayer

133
Q

Astrolabe Definition

A

an instrument used to measure latitudes at sea

134
Q

Caravel Definition

A

a relatively light, fast-moving ship designed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, which helped make distant global exploration possible

135
Q

Geocentric Theory Definition

A

a theory that placed the Earth at the center of the universe

136
Q

Heliocentric Theory Definition

A

a theory that placed the sun at the center of the universe

137
Q

Middleman Definition

A

a person who buys goods from a producer and sells them at higher prices to consumers

138
Q

Movable Type Definition

A

a single small metal block that represented each letter of the alphabet; these could be arranged and rearranged within a frame to print pages in a book

139
Q

Paragone Definition

A

the Renaissance debate that asked whether painting or sculpture was the superior form of art

140
Q

Printing Press Definition

A

a machine invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 that was used to print pages set in movable type

141
Q

Scholasticism Definition

A

a school of thought in medieval Europe that used logic and reason to support Christian beliefs

142
Q

Vernacular Definition

A

the language or dialect spoken by the people who live in a specific country or region

143
Q

Doctrine Definition

A

a set of beliefs taught by a specific church or religion

144
Q

Excommunication Definition

A

the complete exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church and the denial of sacraments for refusing to obey Church law

145
Q

Heretic Definition

A

a person who holds beliefs contrary to the conventional doctrine of the culture’s dominant religion

146
Q

Holy Roman Empire Definition

A

a collection of medieval principalities, mostly in present-day Germany and Italy, loosely organized in an attempt to succeed the Western Roman Empire

147
Q

Humanist Definition

A

an individual who studies the humanities

148
Q

Mass Definition

A

a Catholic religious service involving the celebration of Holy Communion

149
Q

Pope Definition

A

the head of the Roman Catholic Church who also serves as bishop of Rome

150
Q

Purgatory Definition

A

in the Catholic religion, a place of suffering that purified the soul before it could enter heaven

151
Q

Sacraments Definition

A

the Christian rites recognized for their importance, including baptism, confession, communion, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, and anointing of the sick

152
Q

Literacy Definition

A

the ability to read

153
Q

Print Culture Definition

A

the printed items, based primarily in text but also with images, that help a group of people communicate and share ideas

154
Q

Scientific Revolution Definition

A

the period of time in European early modern history that saw major developments in chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, physics, and biology (1400 CE to 1690 CE)

155
Q

Enlightenment Definition

A

an intellectual movement that took place from 1600 to 1800 that focused on the individual rather than on tradition

156
Q

95 Theses Definition

A

a document in which Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church’s role as mediator between the people and God

157
Q

Anabaptist Definition

A

a person who believed that the sacrament of baptism should take place in adulthood rather than in infancy

158
Q

Anglican Church (The Church of England) Definition

A

the established church in Britain, founded by Henry VIII, that incorporates both Catholic and Protestant traditions

159
Q

Calvinism Definition

A

a branch of Protestantism that emphasized God’s sovereignty and the doctrine of predestination

160
Q

Predestination Definition

A

the Calvinist belief that God alone determined who would gain salvation

161
Q

Printing Press Definition

A

a machine invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 that was used to print pages set in movable type

162
Q

Theocracy Definition

A

a country ruled by religious leaders

163
Q

Edict of Worms Definition

A

the royal order issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521 that declared Martin Luther a heretic and outlaw

164
Q

Eucharist Definition

A

the Christian rite of consuming blessed bread and wine that are believed to be Christ’s body and blood

165
Q

Index of Forbidden Books Definition

A

a list of books produced by the Catholic Church that Catholics were forbidden from reading

166
Q

Jesuits Definition

A

a religious order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola opposed to Reformation

167
Q

Papal Bull Definition

A

a public decree issued by the head of the Roman Catholic Church

168
Q

Transubstantiation Definition

A

the change by which the bread and wine of the Eucharist become the body and blood of Christ in Catholic religious practice

169
Q

Vernacular Definition

A

the language or dialect spoken by the people who live in a specific country or region

170
Q

Act of Supremacy Definition

A

the 1534 order that named the English monarch as head of the Church of England

171
Q

Annul Definition

A

to declare that a marriage has no legal existence

172
Q

Archbishop of Canterbury Definition

A

the religious leader of the Church of England

173
Q

Blasphemy Definition

A

disrespectful, sacrilegious speech or actions against God or the Church

174
Q

Book of Common Prayer Definition

A

the official service book used by the Church of England

175
Q

Diet of Worms Definition

A

the German assembly where Martin Luther defended his challenges to the Catholic Church

176
Q

Dissenter Definition

A

a person who challenges the teachings of an established Church

177
Q

English Reformation Definition

A

a multistage religious and political movement during the sixteenth century that led to a complete break from the Catholic Church and established Protestantism as the official religion in England

178
Q

Habsburg Dynasty Definition

A

royal dynasty that controlled most of Central Europe, Italy, and Spain during the sixteenth century

179
Q

Huguenot Definition

A

a French follower of Calvinism

180
Q

Lutheranism Definition

A

one of the largest branches of Protestantism that identifies with the teachings of Jesus Christ and was founded by Martin Luther

181
Q

Marian Reformation Definition

A

the time between 1553 and 1558 in England when Mary I tried to restore Catholicism as the official state religion

182
Q

Puritan Definition

A

an English follower of Calvinism

183
Q

Recant Definition

A

to publicly deny a belief or opinion

184
Q

Regent Definition

A

a person appointed to rule in place of a monarch

185
Q

Sect Definition

A

a religious, political, or cultural subgroup

186
Q

Theologian Definition

A

an expert in the study of religion

187
Q

Tudor Dynasty Definition

A

royal dynasty that ruled England from 1485 to 1603

188
Q

Catholic League Definition

A

the military alliance between the Catholic Habsburg dynasties in Austria and Spain that fought against Protestants in Central Europe during the Thirty Years’ War

189
Q

Defenestration Definition

A

the act of throwing someone out of a window

190
Q

Jesuit Definition

A

a member of the Society of Jesus, who were part of a worldwide crusade to defend and spread Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation

191
Q

Laypeople Definition

A

members of a church who are not ordained as religious priests or ministers

192
Q

Peace of Augsburg Definition

A

the 1555 compromise in which the Holy Roman Emperor allowed German princes to choose whether their states would be Lutheran or remain Catholic

193
Q

Peace of Westphalia Definition

A

the 1648 peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War

194
Q

Protestant Union Definition

A

a military alliance between Lutheran and Calvinist forces who fought against the Catholic Habsburg dynasties during the Thirty Years’ War

195
Q

Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) Definition

A

a Catholic Church council that met from 1962 to 1965 in order to update and reform Church doctrine so that it was more aligned to twentieth-century society

196
Q

Temporal Definition

A

relating to worldly rather than spiritual matters

197
Q

Thirty Years’ War Definition

A

armed conflict between Protestant and Catholic forces in Central Europe that lasted from 1618 to 1648

198
Q

Ghetto Definition

A

a separate section of a city where a minority group was historically forced to live

199
Q

Malleus Maleficarum Definition

A

a 1486 pamphlet that addressed issues associated with witchcraft

200
Q

Peasants’ Revolt Definition

A

an unsuccessful 1524 to 1525 revolt by German peasant farmers based on economic and religious matters

201
Q

Protestant Work Ethic Definition

A

a concept emphasizing hard work, frugality, and prosperity as a way to demonstrate salvation in the Christian faith

202
Q

Abdicate Definition

A

to relinquish monarchical authority

203
Q

Armada Definition

A

a fleet of warships

204
Q

Canonize Definition

A

the Catholic Church’s action of formally recognizing a person as a saint

205
Q

Elizabethan Settlement Definition

A

the policy of religious compromise adopted by Elizabeth I in order to enforce reforms that were acceptable to both English Protestants and Catholics

206
Q

King James Bible Definition

A

an updated version of the Bible that was translated into English and published in 1611

207
Q

Stuart Dynasty Definition

A

the royal dynasty that ruled England and Scotland from 1603 to 1714

208
Q

Treatise Definition

A

a written work formally dealing with a specific subject

209
Q

Scientific Revolution Definition

A

the period of time in European early modern history that saw major developments in chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, physics, and biology (1500 CE to late 1600 CE)

210
Q

Scientific Method Definition

A

the process of inquiry where a hypothesis is developed based on observable data, tested, and later refined based on those results

211
Q

Aristotelianism

A

based on the works of Aristotle, this philosophical movement emphasized reason and logic in the study of the natural world

212
Q

The Enlightenment Definition

A

an intellectual movement that took place from 1600 to 1800 that focused on the individual rather than on tradition

213
Q
A

Honors World History A (15 decks)

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