UNIT 6a

Question 1

What is in bile?

Answer 1

1. bile salts
2. bile pigments
3. cholesterol

Question 2

how many ways to get into and out of the liver? and what are they?

Answer 2

2 ways in ( absorption from GI TRACT, hepatic artery)
2 ways out (hepatic vein (blood), bile duct (getting rid))

Question 3

IMPORTANT: what are the pathways of ingested glucose?

Question 4

IMPORTANT: what are the pathways of ingested drugs?

Question 5

what if you take drugs IV injection what is the pathway?

Answer 5

injected –> picked up in capillaries –> veins –> heart & lungs –> in arteriole blood–> enters liver. liver can assist to clear it.

Question 6

what is bilirubin?

Answer 6

• in the blood
• filtered in the kidneys
• a lot will be eliminated in urine and feces

Question 7

how does bilirubin move around body?

Question 8

what is bilirubin responsible for

Answer 8

normal colour of urine
normal colour of feces
indicator of injury/ pathology
-> yellow phase of bruises
-> yellow pigmentation of jaundice

Question 9

DIGESTION HAPPENS MOST WHERE?

Answer 9

SMALL INTESTINE

Question 10

digestion occurs where?

Answer 10

mouth, stomach, small intestine

Question 11

true or false? digestion and absorption are directly regulated

Answer 11

false not directly regulated , influenced by motility and secretion which are regulated by hormones, nervous system, local mechanisms

Question 12

absorption in small intestine

Answer 12

• trying to cross epithial layer
• trying to cross apical membrane
• then enter epithelial cell
• get out of basolateral membrane
• enter intersitium
• picked up in capillary (heptaic portal system) or lymph (fats)

Question 13

half our caloric intake is what? and mostly what?

Answer 13

carbs mostly starch

Question 14

carbs can only be absorbed via a membrane transporter meaning?

Answer 14

we only have membrane transporters for MONOSACCHARIDES SOOO… we need to break down disaccharides (lactose, fructose) to monosaccharides to be able to be transported

Question 15

artificial sweeteners (splenda)

Answer 15

• interact with sweet receptors
• but does not cross epithelium so does not add to caloric intake

Question 16

disaccharides need what to make monosaccharides?

Answer 16

enzymes:
- lactase
- sucrase
- maltase

Question 17

triglycerides is where ______

Answer 17

most of our fat calories come from

Question 18

issues w/ triglycerides

Answer 18

• digestion complication, solubility issues

Question 19

pancreatic lipases can act on triglycerides how?

Answer 19

in droplets and aided by colipase from pancreas

Question 20

bile is produced where and stored where

Answer 20

produced liver
stored gall bladder

Question 21

bile acids provide ______?

Answer 21

enzyme access

Question 22

fat absorption pathway?

Answer 22

1. large fat droplets from stomach enter
2. bile salts coat each fat droplet now called emulsion
3. enzyme action to create micelles
4. if micelles come up close to apical surface of small intestine epithelial barrier
5. monoglycerides and free fatty acids can diffuse pass the lipid bilayer into cell
6. chylomicron formed intracellularly
7. chylomicron secreted out and picked up in the lymph
8. lymph dumps into circulator system (lacteal)

Question 23

yes or no?
1. can we digest nucleic acid down to nucleotides?
2. can we transport nucleic acid
3. can we absorb nucleic acid
4. can we use nucleic acid

Answer 23

1. yes
2. yes
3. yes
4. yes

Question 24

fat soluble vitamins follow what pathway of absorption?

Answer 24

fat pathway

Question 25

water soluble vitamins follow what pathway of absorption?

Answer 25

typical absorption in small intestines via membrane transporters

Question 26

what vitamin is the exception? of water soluble vitamins following typical absorption in small intestines via membrane transporters

Answer 26

B12

Question 27

B12 needs a _____ factor and deficient in this intrinsic factor can lead to _________

Answer 27

intrinsic factor, can lead to B12 deficiency

Question 28

regulated absorption of ions and water by small and large intestine favours what apical and basolateral

Answer 28

apical: (many ways)
-Na+
- Cl-

basolateral:
main driver: Na+/ K+ ATPase
water follows via osmosis

Question 29

only 2 nutrient where absorption is regulated are what

Answer 29

1. iron
2. calcium

Question 30

bile salts are amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol true or false?

Answer 30

true; amphipathic derivatives meaning: a chemical compound containing both polar (water-soluble) and nonpolar (not water-soluble) portions in its structure