Unit 7 Fluency Facts Flashcards
Progressive Era:
Who: Women, Middle Class Reformers
What: Broad movement towards social consciousness/justice in response to following: Civil War, industrialization, Urbanization, Corruption, Immigration.
Where: Nat Movement, US
When: 1900-17
Why: period of widespread activism and social reform. Unified and empowered many reformists. Brought out tensions between advocates of social justice and social control.
First Red Scare
Who: A. Mitchell Palmer, Communists
What: National hysteria caused by threat of communism in response to Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
Where: United States
When: 1917-20
Why: Scrutinization of perceived radical government officials. Targeted labor unions. Sedition act against government critics. Fear continued into 40’s and 50’s.
NAACP
Who: African American Activists, W.E.B. Du Bois (Founder)
What: Advocated for racial equality on the national level.
When: National movement in the United States.
Where: 1909-contemporary.
Why: One of the most effective and influential organizations fighting for racial equality.
Marcus Garvey:
Who: Garvey, African Americans, Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA)
What: Black nationalist and leader of the Pan African movement who disagreed with integration and accommodationist mainstream views.
Where: Liberia, New York
When: 1887-940
Why: Advocated for “separate but equal” status for black Americans and pushed for return to Africa. NAACP & other black leaders disagree; credited for advocating for black pride and nationalism (“Black is Beautiful”). Influenced black power movement in the 1960 and 1970s.
Preservationism:
Who: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, Teddy Roosevelt
What: Environmental policy, conservationist v. preservationist, use v. untouched
Where: National Movement in the United States
When: 1870’s-905
Why: Advent of environmental policy in the United States; movement established national parks such as Yosemite National Park; heightened awareness of environmental issues such as the building of the O’Shaughnessy Dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley
Sedition Act
Who: Eugene Debs, U.S. Government
What: Amendment to the Espionage Act allowing the federal government to seize radicals, socialists., and those who openly oppose the draft and/or criticize policies. Upheld by the Supreme Court.
Where: U.S.
When: 1918
Why: Expanded and increased federal control during World War I; limited freedom of speech.
Great Migration
Who: African Americans in the South
What: Demographic shift. African Americans migrate to the north for work and to escape racial violence. Approximately 500,000 to 1 million.
Where; Rural south to northern cities
When: 1914-20
Why: Migration changed the demographic make up of Northern cities and led to racial tension and violence.
Treaty of Versailles
Who: Woodrow Wilson, European Representatives
What: Treaty that ends World War I. Centered around Wilson’s 14 Points and the League of Nations. Fails to win approval from Congress due to the concern of a loss of autonomy to Europe
Where: Versailles, U.S
When: 1918
Why: Ended World War I. Demonstrated the strength of isolationism in the U.S. after the war. Set the stage for World War II - Germ, Japan
18th Amendment
Who: Congress, Woodrow Wilson
What: Prohibition amendment to Constitution that banned consumption. production, import and sale of alcohol.
Where: U.S.
When: 1920
Why: Bans alcohol in the U.S. Proves difficult to enforce. Number of speakeasies increase. Rise in organized crime. Repealed in 1933 with 21st Amendment.
19th Amendment
Who: Congress, Woodrow Wilson, Alice Paul, Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
What: Suffrage vote for women
Where: U.S.
When: 1920
Why: Culmination of Women’s Suffrage Movement. Political victory for feminists in the United States.
Scopes (Monkey) Trial
Who: John Scopes, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan
What: High school teacher, John Scopes, violates Tennessee’s Butler Act which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in any state funded school.
Where: Dayton Tennessee
When: 1925
Why: Trial publicized the Fundamentalist v. Modernist controversy. Continued the debate of the separation of church and state. Demonstrated that evangelical Christianity was still important in South.
Immigration Acts
Who: Congress, Immigrants
What: Law limiting immigration by region based on the 1910 census.
Where: U.S.
When: 1921
Why: Passed by Congress to limit the immigration from Southeastern Europe and “undesirable” countries. Indicative of xenophobia, racism, and nationalism of United States during the early 20th century. Added two new features to U.S. immigration law: numerical limits on immigration and the use of a quota system -National Origins Formula.
Harlem Renaissance
Who: African American Artists, Poets, Musicians, and Writers: Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Zora Neale Hurston, and Billie Holliday.
What: Cultural movement originating from Harlem that encouraged African Americans to embrace and cherish their unique culture and identity. Produced famous Artists, Poets, Musicians, and Writers.
Where: Harlem, New York
When: 1920-1930
Why: Flowering of African American culture. Promoted identity, themes of racial pride, challenging racism and discrimination, and promoting integration; and produced culturally important individuals and work.
Social Security Act:
Who: FDR, Congress
What: Act that grants benefits to unemployed, retired, and dependent mothers.
Where: US
When: 1935
Why: Created a social safety net by establishing the Social Security program as well as unemployment insurance in the United States. Critiqued by Right Wing Conservatives as an overstepping of the bounds of federal government.
New Deal Coalition:
Who: Political machines, poor farmers, labor unions, African Americans
What: Coalition composed of voting blocs who supported Roosevelt’s response to the Great Depression.
Where: US
When: 1932 till late 1960’s
Why: Promoted big government; resulted in many large enduring government programs; allowed President Franklin D. Roosevelt to push his agenda.
