Unit 8 Fluency Facts

Question 1

Truman Doctrine

Answer 1

Who: Harry S. Truman, Britain, Greece, Turkey
What: Great Britain unable to financially support anti-Communists in the Turkish civil war. In their place, the U.S. contributes $400 million to Turkey and Greece to deter Communist victory.
Where: Europe (Turkey and Greece)
When: 1947
Why: Asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene and prevent countries from being Communist; establishes a policy of containment.

Question 2

Marshall Plan

Answer 2

Who: George Marshall
What: Recovery program intended to deter the growth of socialism in Western Europe, and to protect markets for the U.S
Where: Europe
When: 1947
Why: Deepens tensions, reinforces containment

Question 3

Military Industrial Complex

Answer 3

Who: Dwight D. Eisenhower, government, military, defense contractors
What: Policies and monetary relations between the U.S. federal government, the Department of Defense, and defense industries.
Where: United States
When: 1961 - Farwell Speech
Why: Eisenhower warned U.S about MIC - ignored. High defense spending; funnels vast amounts of funding and resources to the military.

Question 4

McCarthyism

Answer 4

Who: Joseph McCarthy, House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), Congress
What: Second Red Scare. Hysteria-based investigation and persecution of “subversives” in the federal government. Used to target individuals and groups for being un-American (i.e. Hollywood 10, Alger Hiss - Pumpkin Papers).
Where: United States
When: Late 1950’s - early 60’s
Why: Intended to silence Cold War critics, liberals. Political backslide.

Question 5

G.I. Bill

Answer 5

Who: Congress, Veterans
What: Act providing benefits to World War II veterans: low cost mortgages, low interest business loans, college tuitions, and medical care, among other benefits.
Where: United States
When: 1944
Why: 4.3 million in real estate loans helped returning soldiers. 8 million Veterans returned to school. 1/3 of the U.S. population benefitted; elevated Veterans and families into middle class.

Question 6

Korean War

Answer 6

Who: Harry S. Truman, Gen MacArthur, U.S Military
What: Proxy war between U.S. and USSR. in Korea. No victor and no border change.
Where: United States, Korea’s
When: 1950-3
Why: Demonstrates the Truman Doctrine at work; attempt by the United States to contain the spread of Communism. First “hot war” of the Cold War

Question 7

Vietnam War

Answer 7

Who: Ho Chi Minh, JFK, LbJ, Nixon
What: Long war between Com North and South Vietnam
Where: U.S, North and South Vietnam, North Korea (aid)
When: 1955-75. U.S. Involvement - 1950-73
Why: Incited anti-war movements, and led to increased doubt and questioning of the federal government.

Question 8

Brown V. Board of Education

Answer 8

Who: Oliver Brown, Earl Warren, Thurgood Marshall
What: Supreme Court decision that ruled segregation in public schools, and by extension the doctrine of “Separate, But Equal” is unconstitutional; thus, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.
Where: U.S
When: 1954
Why: Landmark Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, represented one of the first successes of the Civil Rights Movement. Paved the way for later Civil Rights reforms. Judicial activist Warren Court.

Question 9

The Great Society

Answer 9

Who: Lyndon B Johnson
What:Ambitious series of policy initiatives, legislation and programs spearheaded by President Lyndon B. Johnson with the main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment.
Where: United States
When: 1964
Why:Launched new major domestic programs. Major achievements include the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, and the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid.

Question 10

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 10

Who: Lyndon B. Johnson
What: Legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of vote registration requirements and racial segregation in all federal, state, and local institutions
Where: United States
When: 1964
Why: Began the desegregation process in the United States, and marked the beginning of the legislative branch’s involvement in the Civil Rights Movement .

Question 11

Immigration Acts of 1965

Answer 11

Who: Lyndon B. Johnson, Congress, Immigrants
What: Represented a change in U.S. immigration policy since the 1920s. Abolished the “national origins” quota and effectively doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. annually.
Where: United States, Asia, Latin America
When: 1965
Why: Immigration numbers largely increased, created more diversity. Family unifications with chain migration.

Question 12

Black Panther Party

Answer 12

Who: Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale
What: Activist black power party that worked towards African American rights and conducted community services for African Americans in large cities. Patrolled African American communities to protect them from police brutality.
Where: Oakland, California
When: 1966-1982
Why: Revolutionary organization that came to portray a powerful image of black nationalism and pride. Highlights the continued tension over issues of race in the United States.

Question 13

Chicano Movement

Answer 13

Who: Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Reies López Tijerina, Hector P. Garcia, Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzáles, Rosalio Muñoz, and Chicano/as (people of Mexican descent).
What: Social and political movement in the U.S. that worked to embrace a Chicano/a identity and worldview that combated structural racism, encouraged cultural revitalization, and achieved community empowerment by rejecting assimilation.
Where: Southwestern United States: California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas
When: 1965-75
Why:Brought about educational, economic, and political reforms for people of Mexican-American descent. Gave a political voice to Mexican-Americans, and made Americans more aware of the unfair laws and discrimination Chicano/as faced in U.S.

Question 14

Stonewall

Answer 14

Who: LGBT Community, NYPD, Gay Rights Activists
What: Series of demonstrations by communities and activists in response to police raid on Stonewall Inn
Where: Greenwich Village, NYC
When: June 28, 1969
Why: Watershed event for LGBT movement in the US, pride one year after in demonstration

Question 15

Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 15

Who: Richard Nixon, Congress, Rachel Carson
What: Federal agency to oversee environmental monitoring and cleanup programs. Established to protect environmental health.
Where: United States
When: 1970
Why: Protected the environment from industrial pollution and destruction. Demonstrates awareness and concern environmental issues by the federal government. “Eight Lost Years” under Reagen

Question 16

Equal Rights Amendment

Answer 16

Who: Women, Middle Class
What:Proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution intended to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.
Where: United States
When: 1971
Why: Supported by middle class. Criticized by working class due to lack of protection for women in the workplace. Passed Congress, but was fell sort by three states. Federal and State governments passed laws protecting legal rights of women. Controversial today.

Question 17

Watergate

Answer 17

Who: Richard Nixon, Democratic National Committee, Congress
What: Nixon Administration officials connected to break in at Watergate Hotel - DNC headquarters. Washington Post uncovered.
Where: Unites States
When: 1972-4
Why: Huge decrease in trust in government and the first president to resign to avoid impeachment.

Question 18

War Powers Act of 1973

Answer 18

Who: Richard Nixon, Congress
What: Law limiting power of the President to commit the U.S. to war-adjacent conflicts without Congressional approval.
Where: United States
When: 1973
Why: Response to the Vietnam War (i.e. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution). Checks the President’s power as Chief and Commander of the United States military.

Question 19

Roe v. Wade

Answer 19

Who: Supreme Court, Norma McCorvey (Roe)
What: Landmark Supreme Court ruling legalizing abortion in the first 2 trimesters. Court ruled 7 to 2 that the right to privacy was protected under 14th Amendment.
Where: United States
When: 1973-2022
Why: Reshaped national politics. Divides the U.S. population into pro-choice and pro-life factions. Grass roots movements on both sides.

Question 20

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Answer 20

Who: Algeria, Angola, Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, IR Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.
What: Middle Eastern majority of the OPEC embargoed countries supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War of 1973. Oil and gas prices increase dramatically in Western nations.
Where: United States, Europe, Middle East
When: 1973-4
Why :OPEC Oil Embargo caused emergency rationing and a recession (stagflation of the 1970s) in the United States. Ends period of economic prosperity after World War II.

Question 21

Sunbelt

Answer 21

Who: American People
What: Internal migration to Southern and Western states for retirement, employment, (defense, technology, service) climate, and lower taxes from northeastern cities.
Where: Southwestern U.S. States (Southern California, Arizona, Texas, Florida)
When: 1950s to 1970s
Why: Increased population and political significance of the Southwestern states.

Question 22

Moral Majority

Answer 22

Who: Christians, Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell
What: Christian political action group that formed to further conservatism - busing. Religious agenda included allowing prayer in school and making abortion illegal in the United States.
Where: United States
When: 1979-89
Why: Rise of religious fundamentalism in the United States as a response to social change and the experimentation of the 70s. New use of media. Helps Ronald Reagan win the Election of 1980.

Question 23

Detente

Answer 23

Who: Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, China, Soviet Union
What: Relaxation of tensions between the United States and Soviet Union. Increased international trade and cooperation - SALT. Ends when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
Where: US, USSR
When: 1970’s
Why: Relaxed tensions contribute to the end of the Cold War.