Unit 7: Histology

Question 1

What is histology?

Answer 1

The study of tissues

Question 2

What type of tissue makes up the lining of an organ cavity?

Answer 2

Epithelial

Question 3

What type of tissue makes up cartilage?

Answer 3

Connective

Question 4

What types of tissue make up cardiac muscles?

Answer 4

Muscle

Question 5

What type of tissue makes up the spinal cord?

Answer 5

Nervous

Question 6

What forms cell junctions?

Answer 6

Cell membrane proteins

Question 7

Which type of junction prevents material from passing between cells?

Answer 7

Tight junctions

Question 8

What “rivets” cells together?

Answer 8

Anchoring junctions

Question 9

Why do gap junctions allow the passage of molecules between cells?

Answer 9

It is important for the synchronization of contractions in smooth and cardiac muscles

Question 10

True or false: Epithelial tissue has some room in between cells in order to allow for the passage of blood vessels

Answer 10

False. There are no blood vessels in epithelial tissues (avascular) and there little space between cells

Question 11

The ________ _________ attaches the epithelium to underlying connective tissues

Answer 11

Basement membrane

Question 12

What is the classification for epithelial tissue with more than 1 layer of cells?

Answer 12

Stratified

Question 13

Name the 3 classifications of cell shapes in the apical layer of epithelial tissue

Answer 13

Squamous = flattened
Cuboidal = round or cube shaped
Columnar = rectangular

Question 14

If a particular area of epithelial tissue consists of columnar cells that appear to be stratified, yet all sit on the basement membrane, how might they be referred?

Answer 14

Tissue that appears stratified yet is simple in reality can be called “pseudostratified epithelial” tissue

Question 15

Transitional epithelia is made of stratified cells which can change shape based on how it stretches. Where can transitional epithelia tissue be found?

Answer 15

The inner lining of the urinary system

Question 16

Glandular epithelium has 2 subtypes. What are they?

Answer 16

Exocrine glands and endocrine glands

Question 17

What type of tissue makes up ductless glands that secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid which then enters the blood plasma?

Answer 17

Endocrine glands (e.g. thyroid gland)

Question 18

Give an example of a unicellular and multicellular gland

Answer 18

Unicellular: goblet cells, which can be found in the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts
Multicellular: sweat, oil, mammary, and digestive glands

Question 19

What are the 3 main functions of epithelia?

Answer 19

Protection, secretion, and allowing selective passage of materials (e.g. nutrients, waste, water)

Question 20

True or false: connective tissue cells are far apart, separated by extracellular matrix.

Answer 20

True. The extracellular matrix usually forms the bulk of the tissue and gives connective tissue subtypes their identifying characteristics

Question 21

What do the endings of connective tissue cell types mean?
…blast?
…cyte?
…clast?

Answer 21

…blast = creates matrix
…cyte = maintains matrix
…clast = breaks down matrix

Question 22

What may the Extracellular Matrix be composed of?

Answer 22

Fibres (proteins): collagen fibres (strength), elastic fibres (stretch), reticular fibres (form networks — CT part of basement membrane, for example)

Ground substance: water (ISF) and large organic molecules (proteins and carbs)

Question 23

Name the 4 classifications of connective tissue

Answer 23

CT proper (includes loose and dense CT), cartilage, bone, and blood

Question 24

If a tissue is described as having a “chicken-wire” appearance, what would the tissue be classified as?

Answer 24

Adipose CT <~ Loose CT <~ CT Proper

Question 25

True or false: Of the 2 types of Loose CT, areolar CT is avascular and adipose CT is highly vascular.

Answer 25

False. Both the areolar and adipose tissues are highly vascular, meaning many blood vessels run through it

Question 26

What is adipose CT more commonly known as and why?

Answer 26

Adipose CT is commonly known as “body fat” because it’s cells are large to store triglycerides, giving it the appearance of “chicken-wire”

Question 27

Which classification of connective tissue could be described as having loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres?

Answer 27

Areolar CT <~ Loose CT <~ CT Proper

Question 28

What is the proper name for what is also known as “fibrous connective tissue” and why?

Answer 28

Dense connective tissue (part of CT Proper). It is known as fibrous because it has many fibres and is poorly vascular

Question 29

What type of tissue would make up a ligament?

Answer 29

Dense regular CT <~ Dense CT <~ CT Proper

Question 30

What is an example of irregular CT and why is it referred to as “irregular”?

Answer 30

An example would be the dermis of skin. It is called irregular CT because the collagen fibres are arranged irregularly, as opposed to running in the same direction as seen in regular CT

Question 31

What is a major component of connective tissue which possesses great tensile strength?

Answer 31

Collagen fibres

Question 32

What type of cells make up cartilage?

Answer 32

Chondrocytes and chondroblasts

Question 33

What are 2 types of CT cells that can be found in a lacuna?

Answer 33

A chondrocyte (cartilage) or an osteocyte (bone) are 2 examples of of cells located in lacunae

Question 34

Why does cartilage heal slowly?

Answer 34

It is avascular, meaning it has low blood supply

Question 35

What is the most abundant type of cartilage? Provide an example

Answer 35

Hyaline cartilage (e.g. costal cartilage of ribs)

Question 36

What type of cartilage makes up the pinna of the ear?

Answer 36

Elastic cartilage

Question 37

What type of cartilage is used as a shock absorber? Provide an example

Answer 37

Fibrocartilage (e.g. intervertebral disks)

Question 38

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are the cells that make up which kind of connective tissue?

Answer 38

Bone CT

Question 39

What is the ground substance of bone CT mostly made of?

Answer 39

Inorganic elements such as calcium, and organic components like proteins and carbs which all serve to make the bone rigid

Question 40

True or false: bone CT is very vascular

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What is the name for the EC matrix in blood?

Answer 41

Plasma

Question 42

What aspect of blood contains soluble fibres, such as fibrinogen?

Answer 42

Blood plasma

Question 43

Which type of muscle tissue is NOT striated?

Answer 43

Smooth muscle

Question 44

Name the types of nervous cells

Answer 44

Neurons and glial cells (which protect neurons)

Question 45

What is the most important aspect of classifying the different subtypes of connective tissues?

Answer 45

The composition of the extracellular matrix