Unit 7 In Details Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Name the endocrine glands that only males have.
A
Testes
Testes are responsible for producing testosterone and sperm in males.
2
Q
What hormone is produced by the testes?
A
Testosterone
Testosterone is involved in sexual development and sperm production.
3
Q
What is the role of hormones in the body?
A
Control various organs and cells
Hormones regulate functions such as sexual development, blood glucose levels, and water content.
4
Q
What is the difference between nervous responses and hormonal responses?
A
Nervous responses are quick; hormonal responses are slower
Nervous responses act on very precise areas, while hormonal responses act in a more general way.
5
Q
What hormone is released during a ‘fight or flight’ response?
A
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands and prepares the body for action.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Hormones are chemicals released directly into the _______.
A
Blood
Hormones are carried in the blood to target organs.
7
Q
Which gland is sometimes referred to as the ‘master gland’?
A
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces many hormones that regulate body conditions.
8
Q
What does the pancreas produce that helps regulate blood glucose levels?
A
Insulin
Insulin is crucial for controlling blood sugar levels.
9
Q
What hormone is produced by the ovaries?
A
Oestrogen
Oestrogen is involved in the menstrual cycle.
10
Q
What hormone does the thyroid gland produce that regulates metabolism?
A
Thyroxine
Thyroxine is involved in regulating heart rate and temperature.
11
Q
Nervous responses act on a very _______ area.
A
Precise
This allows for quick communication and reaction to stimuli.
12
Q
Hormones are produced in and secreted by various _______.
A
Endocrine glands
These glands are part of the endocrine system.
13
Q
What are the two main systems for communication in the body?
A
Nervous system and endocrine system
Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
14
Q
What is the fancy name for the lining of the uterus?
A
Endometrium
15
Q
What day does menstruation start in the menstrual cycle?
A
Day 1
16
Q
Stage 1 of the menstrual cycle involves what event?
A
Menstruation starts
17
Q
What happens during Stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?
A
The uterus lining is repaired from Day 4 to Day 14
18
Q
At what day does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle?
A
Day 14
19
Q
What occurs during Stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?
A
An egg develops and is released from the ovary (ovulation)
20
Q
What does the uterine lining become by Day 14?
A
A thick spongy layer full of blood vessels
21
Q
What happens during Stage 4 of the menstrual cycle if no fertilised egg is present?
A
The lining breaks down and is released
22
Q
What is the total duration of the menstrual cycle?
A
Approximately 28 days
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The menstrual cycle is the monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an _______.
A
egg
24
Q
What structure prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised?
A
Endometrium
25
Oestrogen
Released by ovaries.
Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow.
26
Progesterone
Released by corpus luteum.
Maintaining the lining of the uterus.
When the level of progesterone falls , and there is a low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down.
27
What hormone is responsible for maintaining the lining of the uterus during pregnancy?
Progesterone
## Footnote
Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing and maintaining the endometrium for a potential pregnancy.
28
What happens when a fertilised egg implants in the uterus?
The woman becomes pregnant
## Footnote
Implantation of a fertilised egg is a key step for the establishment of pregnancy.
29
Fill in the blank: If a fertilised egg implants in the uterus, then the level of _______ increases.
progesterone
30
What are the two main categories of contraceptive methods?
Hormonal and Barrier methods
## Footnote
Hormonal methods involve the use of hormones to prevent ovulation, while barrier methods physically block sperm from reaching the egg.
31
Which contraceptive method is effective against sexually transmitted infections?
Condoms
## Footnote
Condoms are the only form of contraception that also protect against sexually transmitted infections.
32
What are some side effects of hormonal contraceptive methods?
Headaches
## Footnote
Hormonal methods can have various unpleasant side effects, including headaches.
33
How do hormonal contraceptives generally compare to barrier methods in terms of effectiveness?
Hormonal methods are more effective when used correctly
## Footnote
Hormonal methods typically provide a higher level of effectiveness at preventing pregnancy compared to barrier methods.
34
What is a diaphragm in the context of contraception?
A flexible, dome-shaped device that fits over the opening of the uterus
## Footnote
Diaphragms are a type of barrier method used to prevent pregnancy.
35
What is the role of spermicide in barrier contraception?
A chemical that kills sperm
## Footnote
Spermicide is often used in conjunction with barrier methods like diaphragms to enhance their effectiveness.
36
What is the mini-pill?
An oral contraceptive that contains progesterone only
## Footnote
The mini-pill is a hormonal contraceptive option that focuses solely on progesterone.
37
What hormone is included in the combined pill?
Both oestrogen and progesterone
## Footnote
The combined pill is a form of hormonal contraception that contains two hormones.
38
How does oestrogen function as a contraceptive?
It inhibits the release of an egg
## Footnote
Oestrogen prevents ovulation by maintaining a high level of the hormone, which stops egg release.
39
What effect does progesterone have on fertility?
It reduces fertility by several mechanisms
## Footnote
Progesterone works by preventing ovulation and altering the cervical mucus to block sperm.
40
Fill in the blank: Hormones can also be used as contraceptives, for example, _______ can be used to prevent the entrance of sperm to the uterus.
oestrogen
41
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining the right conditions inside your body, so that everything works properly.
## Footnote
Homeostasis is crucial for the functioning of bodily processes.
42
How is blood glucose concentration regulated?
By insulin and glucagon.
## Footnote
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them.
43
What hormone is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels?
Insulin.
## Footnote
Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.
44
What hormone is secreted by the pancreas to raise blood glucose levels?
Glucagon.
## Footnote
Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.
45
What happens to excess glucose in the body?
It can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or as lipid (fat) in the tissues.
## Footnote
This storage occurs when blood glucose levels are high.
46
Fill in the blank: Too much glucose in the blood leads to the secretion of _______.
Insulin.
47
Fill in the blank: Too little glucose in the blood leads to the secretion of _______.
Glucagon.
48
What role does vigorous exercise play in blood glucose levels?
It removes much more glucose from the blood.
49
What triggers a response in the body to regulate blood glucose levels?
A rise or fall in blood glucose levels.
## Footnote
This response is part of a negative feedback system.
50
True or False: Homeostasis involves balancing inputs and outputs in the body.
True.
51
What is the primary function of negative feedback systems in homeostasis?
To counteract changes away from normal levels.
52
What is thermoregulation?
Regulating body temperature.
## Footnote
This involves reducing body temperature when hot and increasing it when cold.
53
What is osmoregulation?
Regulating water content in the body.
54
How does the body respond to external changes to maintain homeostasis?
By adjusting inputs and outputs to keep conditions steady.
55
What can happen if conditions in the body vary too much from normal levels?
It can be dangerous for your health.
56
What is the role of enzymes in homeostasis?
Enzymes require the right conditions to function properly.
57
What are two measures of obesity that can help assess a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
1. Body Mass Index (BMI)
2. Waist-to-hip ratio
## Footnote
A BMI over 30 indicates obesity, while a waist-to-hip ratio above 1.0 for men and 0.85 for women indicates increased risk.
58
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
The pancreas produces little or no insulin
## Footnote
This lack of insulin leads to uncontrolled blood glucose levels.
59
What is a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
## Footnote
Obesity is associated with increased fat storage around the abdomen.
60
What are the two types of diabetes?
1. Type 1 diabetes
2. Type 2 diabetes
## Footnote
Each type has different causes and treatment methods.
61
How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?
1. Eating a healthy diet
2. Getting regular exercise
3. Losing weight
## Footnote
These lifestyle changes can help manage blood glucose levels.
62
What does a waist-to-hip ratio above 1.0 for men and 0.85 for women indicate?
Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
## Footnote
This ratio assesses fat distribution in the body.
63
How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?
BMI = weight (kg) / (height (m))^2
## Footnote
A BMI over 30 classifies a person as obese.
64
What happens to blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes?
Blood glucose levels rise due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production
## Footnote
This can lead to serious health complications.
65
What dietary approach helps manage blood glucose levels in diabetes?
Limiting intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates
## Footnote
This helps prevent rapid increases in blood glucose levels.
66
What treatment is usually required for a person with type 1 diabetes?
Insulin therapy
## Footnote
Insulin is injected to control blood glucose levels, often at mealtimes.
67
True or False: A person with type 1 diabetes can produce sufficient insulin.
False
## Footnote
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production.
68
What is one consequence of injecting too much insulin?
Dangerously low blood glucose levels
## Footnote
This can lead to severe health risks.
69
Fill in the blank: Diabetes is an example of when _______ doesn't work.
homeostasis
## Footnote
This disruption affects blood glucose regulation.
70
What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?
Insulin reduces blood glucose levels
## Footnote
It facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.
71
What is the effect of shivering on body temperature?
Shivering increases the rate of respiration, transferring more energy to warm the body
## Footnote
Muscle contractions during shivering generate heat.
72
What occurs to the hair on the skin when a person is cold?
Erector muscles contract, making hairs stand on end
## Footnote
This creates an insulating layer of air to help retain heat.
73
What is the role of sweat when a person is too hot?
Sweat evaporates, transferring energy from the skin to the environment
## Footnote
This process cools the body down.
74
What is thermoregulation?
The process your body uses to keep its internal temperature steady
## Footnote
It involves responses to changes in body temperature.
75
What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the human body?
About 37 °C
## Footnote
Below this temperature, enzyme activity slows down; above it, enzymes may denature.
76
What triggers a response in the hypothalamus regarding body temperature?
Any change in body temperature
## Footnote
The hypothalamus acts as a thermostat.
77
Fill in the blank: When the body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers a response to bring it back _____ again.
down
78
True or False: Erector muscles relax when a person is too hot.
True
## Footnote
This allows hairs to lie flat, reducing insulation.
79
What is the function of receptors in the skin?
Provide information about the external temperature
## Footnote
They are located in the epidermis and dermis.
80
What is the consequence of frostbite?
Blood supply to the affected area is reduced, leading to cell death
## Footnote
This can cause digits to turn black.
81
What is the purpose of the selectively permeable membrane in a dialysis machine?
To allow waste substances, excess ions, and water to move from the blood into the dialysis fluid while keeping cells and proteins in the blood.
## Footnote
The membrane mimics the function of natural kidney membranes.
82
What are the ideal matching criteria for donor kidneys?
Blood type and tissue type.
## Footnote
A close match reduces the risk of rejection by the recipient's immune system.
83
What is the main treatment for kidney disease?
Kidney transplant.
## Footnote
Currently, this is the only cure for kidney disease.
84
What measures are taken to prevent kidney rejection after a transplant?
1) Choose a donor with a closely matching tissue type.
2) Treat the patient with drugs that suppress the immune system.
## Footnote
This helps the patient's immune system not to attack the transplanted kidney.
85
Why might donor kidneys be rejected?
Because the patient's immune system may treat the transplanted kidney as a foreign body and attack it.
## Footnote
This is due to the presence of antibodies in the recipient's immune system.
86
What substances can move across the selectively permeable barrier in a dialysis machine?
Ions and waste substances.
## Footnote
Big molecules like proteins cannot pass through the membrane.
87
Fill in the blank: Dialysis fluid has the same concentration of _______ as blood plasma.
salts and glucose.
88
How often must dialysis be performed for patients with kidney failure?
Regularly.
## Footnote
This is necessary to filter the blood since the kidneys cannot perform this function.
89
True or False: Dialysis machines can filter blood properly like healthy kidneys.
False.
## Footnote
While dialysis machines help, they do not fully replicate the function of healthy kidneys.
90
What happens to waste products during the dialysis process?
They diffuse from the blood into the dialysis fluid.
## Footnote
This process helps to remove waste from the blood.
91
What is the function of the glomerulus in a nephron?
Filtration of blood under high pressure
## Footnote
The glomerulus is a capillary network where the liquid part of the blood is forced out.
92
What is the function of Bowman's capsule in a nephron?
Collects the filtrate from the glomerulus
## Footnote
Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and receives the filtered liquid.
93
What is the end product of nephron processing?
Urine
## Footnote
The nephron processes blood to produce urine by filtering and reabsorbing substances.
94
What are the three main roles of the kidneys?
* Removal of urea from the blood
* Adjustment of ion levels in the blood
* Regulation of water content in the blood
## Footnote
These roles are essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
95
What happens to excess ions in the nephron?
They are reabsorbed or excreted as urine
## Footnote
The nephron adjusts ion levels according to the body's needs.
96
Fill in the blank: The kidneys are part of the _______.
urinary system
## Footnote
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
97
True or False: All glucose is selectively reabsorbed in the nephron.
True
## Footnote
The nephron reabsorbs all glucose back into the blood during the filtration process.
98
What is osmoregulation?
The regulation of water and ion balance in the body
## Footnote
Osmoregulation is crucial for maintaining the proper functioning of cells.
99
What triggers the reabsorption of water in the nephron?
Hormone ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
## Footnote
ADH regulates the amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct of the nephron.
100
What can happen if the concentration of water in the blood is too low?
Water will move out of the cells into the blood by osmosis
## Footnote
This can cause cells to shrink.
101
What can happen if the concentration of water in the blood is too high?
Water will move into the cells, potentially causing them to burst
## Footnote
Animal cells lack a rigid cell wall, making them susceptible to bursting.
102
How does the nephron contribute to urine formation?
By filtering blood and reabsorbing useful substances
## Footnote
Nephrons filter out waste while retaining necessary nutrients and water.
103
What is the loop of Henle's role in the nephron?
Reabsorbs more water
## Footnote
The loop of Henle is critical for concentrating urine and conserving water.
104
Fill in the blank: The liquid part of the blood contains _______.
water, urea, ions, and glucose
## Footnote
These components are filtered during the nephron's functioning.
