Unit 7: Micronutrients

Question 1

What did James Lind discover?

Answer 1

• importance of vitamin C

- connected scurvy to vit C deficiency

Question 2

What are signs of scurvy/vit C deficiency?

Answer 2

• fatigue
• anemia
• hemorrhaging
• teeth loosening, softening of bones

Question 3

What did Casimir Funk discover?

Answer 3

• providing amine improved health of thiamin-deprived chickens
• ‘amine’ that was ‘vital’ for life = vitamin

Question 4

T or F: vitamins are inorganic molecules that are C based

Answer 4

False

vitamins are organic molecules that are C based

Question 5

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 5

A, D, E, K

Question 6

Which vitamins are water soluble?

Answer 6

All B vitamins, C

Question 7

How many B vitamins are there? What are they?

Answer 7

8 vitamins

1. B1/thiamin
2. B2/riboflavin
3. B3/niacin
4. pantothenic acid
5. biotin
6. folate
7. B6
8. B12

Question 8

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

Answer 8

• directly through intestinal cells into CV
• dissolves in blood
• is susceptible to kidney filtration beyond the storage capacity

Question 9

T or F: Toxicity of water soluble vitamins isn’t a big risk as it’s rare, but still possible

Answer 9

True

vitamin B6 is of most concern with toxicity

Question 10

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

Answer 10

• with dietary lipids
• packed into chylomicrons
• efficiency decreased as ingested calories increase
• from lacteal, lipoproteins broken up and chylomicron takes and stores vitamins into liver

Question 11

Briefly describe vitamin B1 (thiamin).

Answer 11

• part of co-enzyme TPP, works with PDH to prep glucose for oxidative metabolism
• found in whole grains (brown rice but not white rice), pork

Question 12

What is the RDA of vitamin B1 (thiamin) and what causes deficiency/what are symptoms?

Answer 12

• 1.1-1.2 mg/day
• deficiency caused by reduction in food intake
• symptoms: chronic weakness, weight loss

Question 13

Briefly describe vitamin B2 (riboflavin).

Answer 13

• co-enzyme: FMN, FAD
• electron acceptor/transporter
• found in milk and alternatives, whole grains, cereal products, white mushrooms

Question 14

What is the RDA of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and what are symptoms of deficiency?

Answer 14

• 1.1-1.3 mg/day

- inflammation of membranes: mouth, eyes, GI system, skin

Question 15

Briefly describe vitamin B3 (niacin).

Answer 15

• precursor for NAD and NADP
• synthesized by tryptophan
• anti-oxidant, lipid and cholesterol synthesis
• found in eggs, milk, meat, poultry, fish, whole grains

Question 16

What is the RDA and UL of vitamin B3 (niacin), what are symptoms of deficiency/toxicity?

Answer 16

• RDA is 14-16 mg NE/day
• UL is 35 mg/day
• deficiency = 4 D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
• toxicity = blood vessel dilation, painful tingling

Question 17

Briefly describe biotin (function, AI, deficiency symptoms, sources)

Answer 17

• co-enzyme in Kreb’s
• contributes to gluconeogenesis, FA metabolism
• 30 mg/day
• deficiency caused by continued ingestion of raw egg whites: skin rash, hair loss, neurological problems
• found in egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains

Question 18

Briefly describe pantothenic acid (function, AI, deficiency symptoms, sources)

Answer 18

• makes acetyl CoA, synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, hormones, hemoglobin
• 5 mg/day
• deficiency results in fatigue, neurological symptoms
• found in beef, poultry, whole grains, potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli

Question 19

What are the functions of vitamin B6?

Answer 19

• functions as co-enzyme
• used for protein metabolism: without B6 all AA are essential
• blood cell synthesis
• reduces risk of myocardial infarction

Question 20

What is the RDA and UL of vitamin B6?

Answer 20

• for men and women: 1.3 mg/day
• over 51 yrs 1.5-1.7 mg/day
• UL is 100 mg/day

Question 21

What are sources of vitamin B6? What is known about deficiency and toxicity?

Answer 21

• fortified cereals, meat, fish, poultry, bananas, watermelons, potatoes
• deficiency is rare, but can lead to anemia and NS problems
• toxicity (1-2k mg) leads to protein mods, can lead to permanent nerve damage

Question 22

What is folate made out of?

Answer 22

• 3-11 glutamate molecules
• PABA
• pteridine

Question 23

What is the function of folate? What are sources and why is it important?

Answer 23

• AA metabolism, DNA synthesis, cell division
• deficiency linked to birth defects
• found in dark leafy greens, fortified foods, cereal, bread, pasta, rice

Question 24

What are the recommendations that come with folate?

Answer 24

• on an empty stomach 100% of supplement form absorbed
• RDA 400mg/day
• ->pregnancy 600, lactation 500
• supplements during child bearing age
• UL: 1000 mg/day

Question 25

What's the function of vitamin B12?

Answer 25

- role in folate metabolism (B12 deficiency leads to folate deficiency) - helps maintain myelin sheath

Question 26

What sources contain vitamin B12? What is known about deficiency/toxicity?

Answer 26

- not normally in plant based food, found in fortified foods - animal products incl. dairy most abundant - some seafood and beed high sources - no UL - can require monthly injections if deficient

Question 27

_____ acid is the reduced form of vitamin C, and _______ acid is the oxidized form.

Answer 27

1. ascorbic acid | 2. dehydroascorbic acid

Question 28

What does vitamin C function to do?

Answer 28

- anti-oxidant - collagen synthesis - enhances non-heme absorption - synthesis of carnitine - supports immune function

Question 29

What are the RDA/UL for vitamin C? What are some sources?

Answer 29

- 75-120mg/day for women, 90 mg/day for men - UL: 2000 mg - found in citrus fruits, RED BELL PEPPERS, broccoli, cauliflower, spinach - toxicity leads to kidney stone devo with existing kidney disease

Question 30

Alpha-tocopherol is the active form of vitamin __

Answer 30

E