unit 7 motivation, emotion, and personality

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 3

physiological need

Answer 3

a basic bodily requirement

Question 4

drive-reduction theory

Answer 4

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 5

homeostasis

Answer 5

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 6

incentive

Answer 6

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 7

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 8

hierarchy of needs

Answer 8

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and ten psychological needs become active

Question 9

glucose

Answer 9

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger

Question 10

set point

Answer 10

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set; when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

Question 11

basal metabolic rate

Answer 11

the body’s resting rate of energy output

Question 12

obesity

Answer 12

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher; overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher

Question 13

asexual

Answer 13

having no sexual attraction to others

Question 14

sexual response cycle

Answer 14

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 15

refractory period

Answer 15

a human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 16

affiliation need

Answer 16

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

Question 17

ostracism

Answer 17

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Question 18

narcissism

Answer 18

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Question 19

achievement motivation

Answer 19

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Question 20

grit

Answer 20

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Question 21

emotion

Answer 21

a responses of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience

Question 22

James-Lange Theory

Answer 22

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus S arousal S emotion

Question 23

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 23

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion

Question 24

two-factor theory

Answer 24

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

Question 25

polygraph

Answer 25

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

Question 26

facial-feedback effect

Answer 26

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Question 27

behavior feedback effect

Answer 27

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 28

stress

Answer 28

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 29

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 29

Selye's concept of body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 30

tend-and-befriend response

Answer 30

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Question 31

health psychology

Answer 31

a subfield of psychology that provides psychologists contribution to behavioral medicine

Question 32

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 32

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Question 33

coronary heart disease

Answer 33

the clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Question 34

catharsis

Answer 34

in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Question 35

mindfulness meditation

Answer 35

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

Question 36

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 36

people's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

Question 37

positive psychology

Answer 37

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 38

subjective well-being

Answer 38

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life; used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life

Question 39

adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 39

out tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Question 40

relative deprivation

Answer 40

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Question 41

humanistic theories

Answer 41

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Question 42

self-concept

Answer 42

all out thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "who am i?"

Question 43

unconditional positive regard

Answer 43

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self awareness and self acceptance

Question 44

personality

Answer 44

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 45

psychodynamic theories

Answer 45

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Question 46

psychoanalysis

Answer 46

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders; believes the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Question 47

unconscious

Answer 47

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Question 48

free association

Answer 48

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 49

id

Answer 49

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. this operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Question 50

ego

Answer 50

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. this operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Question 51

superego

Answer 51

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Question 52

oedipus complex

Answer 52

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Question 53

identification

Answer 53

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values nto their developing superegos

Question 54

fixation

Answer 54

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure - seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Question 55

defense mechanisms

Answer 55

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 56

repression

Answer 56

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 57

collective unconscious

Answer 57

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, uninherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Question 58

projective test

Answer 58

a personality test, such as Rorschach tht provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Question 59

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Answer 59

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 60

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 60

the most, widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Question 61

terror-management theory

Answer 61

the theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Question 62

social-cognitive perspective

Answer 62

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits including their thinking) and their social context

Question 63

behavioral approach

Answer 63

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Question 64

reciprocal determinism

Answer 64

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Question 65

self

Answer 65

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 66

spot-light affect

Answer 66

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Question 67

self-efficacy

Answer 67

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

Question 68

self-serving bias

Answer 68

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Question 69

individualism

Answer 69

giving priority to one's own goal over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification

Question 70

collectivism

Answer 70

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly