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ap psych > unit 7 motivation, emotion, and personality > Flashcards

unit 7 motivation, emotion, and personality Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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3
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirement

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4
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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6
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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8
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and ten psychological needs become active

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9
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger

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10
Q

set point

A

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set; when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

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11
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy output

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12
Q

obesity

A

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher; overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher

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13
Q

asexual

A

having no sexual attraction to others

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14
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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15
Q

refractory period

A

a human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

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16
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

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17
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

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18
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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19
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

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20
Q

grit

A

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

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21
Q

emotion

A

a responses of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience

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22
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus S arousal S emotion

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23
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion

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24
Q

two-factor theory

A

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

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25
Q

polygraph

A

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

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26
Q

facial-feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

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27
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

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28
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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29
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

30
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

31
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychologists contribution to behavioral medicine

32
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

33
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

34
Q

catharsis

A

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

35
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

36
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

37
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

38
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life; used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

39
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

out tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

40
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

41
Q

humanistic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

42
Q

self-concept

A

all out thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “who am i?”

43
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self awareness and self acceptance

44
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

45
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

46
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Freud’s therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders; believes the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist’s interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

47
Q

unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

48
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

49
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. this operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

50
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. this operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

51
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

52
Q

oedipus complex

A

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

53
Q

identification

A

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values nto their developing superegos

54
Q

fixation

A

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure - seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

55
Q

defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

56
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

57
Q

collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, uninherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

58
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as Rorschach tht provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

59
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

60
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

the most, widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

61
Q

terror-management theory

A

the theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

62
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits including their thinking) and their social context

63
Q

behavioral approach

A

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

64
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

65
Q

self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

66
Q

spot-light affect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

67
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

68
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

69
Q

individualism

A

giving priority to one’s own goal over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification

70
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

ap psych (4 decks)

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