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unit 8 clinical psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

psychologicsal disorder

A

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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2
Q

medical model

A

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital

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3
Q

epigentics

A

“above” or “in addition” (epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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4
Q

DSM-5

A

the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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5
Q

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

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6
Q

anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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7
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear and avoidance of social situations (formerly called social phobia)

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8
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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9
Q

panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest panic, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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10
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

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11
Q

phobia

A

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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12
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions) or both

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13
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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14
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure

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15
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overall overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

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16
Q

mania

A

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

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17
Q

rumination

A

compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes

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18
Q

schizophrenia

A

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

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19
Q

psychotic disorders

A

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions. and a loss of contact with reality

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20
Q

hallucination

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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21
Q

delusion

A

a false belief, often by persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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22
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A

AKA processing schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence pr early adulthood. as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

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23
Q

acute schizophrenia

A

AKA reactive schizophrenia
form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event

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24
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause (formerly called somatoform disorder)

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25
conversion disorder
a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions (also called functional neurological symptom disorder)
26
illness anxiety disorder
a disorder related to somatic symptoms disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
27
dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
28
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities (formerly called multiple personality disorder)
29
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
30
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong-doing, even toward friends and family members, many be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
31
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually a adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
32
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior such as vommitting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
33
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques, consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
34
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology
35
eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
36
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretation of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
37
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
38
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
39
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a patient)
40
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and seeks to enhance self insight
41
insight therapies
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
42
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active-listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth
43
active listening
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies (feature of Rogers client centered therapy)
44
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self awareness and self acceptance
45
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
46
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
47
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual-reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
48
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias
49
virtual-reality exposure therapy
a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
50
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
51
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
52
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
53
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
54
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (challenging self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (challenging behavior)
55
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
56
family therapy
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influences by, or directed at, other family members
57
meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
58
evidence-based practice
clinical decisions making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
59
therapeutioc alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together and constructively to overcome the client's problem
60
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
61
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
62
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
63
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder; several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-SSRIs
64
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of anesthetized patient
65
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain, used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
66
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or distorts brain tissues in an effort to change behavior
67
lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; the procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
68
resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from the adversity and even trauma
69
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
70
binge-eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa

ap psych (4 decks)

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