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Forensics 101 > unit 7: toxicology > Flashcards

unit 7: toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

toxicology:

A

study of drugs, poisons, toxins

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2
Q

poisons:

A

substances that are absorbed through the skin, gut, or inhaled

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3
Q

toxins:

A

poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms

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4
Q

venom:

A

poisonous substance secreted by animals and injected through bite or sting

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5
Q

toxicologists:

A
  • examines the effects of substances on the body
  • establishes a cause and effect from the exposure
  • develops treatments and techniques for detection
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6
Q

substances toxicologists look for:

A
  • misused legal drugs
  • illegal and controlled drugs
  • environmental toxins
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7
Q

methods of exposure:

A

ingesting, inhaling, injections, absorbtion

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8
Q

3 ways someone is exposed to a toxin:

A
  1. intentionally- prescription medicine
  2. accidentally- poisoned
  3. deliberately- suicide
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9
Q

toxins can be detected through examining:

A
  • blood
  • sweat
  • tears
  • stomach content
  • fluids from eyes
  • urine
  • hair
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10
Q

toxicity:

A

the degree to which a substance is harmful

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11
Q

toxicity depends on:

A
  1. dose- how much you take
  2. duration- length of the exposure
  3. nature of the exposure- how it got in your system
  4. interaction- medical, alcohol, etc.
  5. by-products broken down- some makeup can break down into toxins
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12
Q

399 B.C.

A

Socrates poisoned with hemlock

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13
Q

1600s

A

arsenic used by rich people to poison rival families and to settle dispute

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14
Q

1800s

A

chemical analysis to detect arsenic and other poisons in human tissues

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15
Q

1959

A

FDA formed- evaluates products used in foods, drugs, and cosmetic

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16
Q

1970s

A

controlled substance act

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17
Q

1978

A

Georgi Markov stabbed with umbrella and injected with ricin capsule

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18
Q

2006

A

Litvinenko poisoned with polonium exposure

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19
Q

evidence can be found as:

A
  • pills
  • powders
  • liquids
  • botanical matters (seeds, leaves, mushroom)
  • crystals
  • embedded in food, paper, candy
  • objects
  • clothing
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20
Q

addiction:

A

a physical process associated with drug use whereby a person craves a drug; failure to take the drug can result in withdrawal symptoms

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21
Q

dependency:

A

a powerful craving for a drug; unlike addiction, dependency does not result in physical withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation

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22
Q

tolerance:

A

a condition occurring with consistent use of one drug whereby a person needs more and more of the drug to produce the same effect

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23
Q

withdrawal:

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A

symptoms caused by sudden discontinuation of the drug

24
Q

schedule I drug:

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A
  • no medical use
  • high potential for abuse
  • ex. heroin, LSD, marijuana
25
schedule II drug:
- severely restricted medical use - high potential for abuse - moderate to low risk of dependency - ex. cocaine, meth, oxycodone
26
schedule III drug:
- accepted medical use - moderate potential for abuse - moderate to low risk of dependence - ex. barbituates, steroids, ketamine
27
schedule IV drug:
- medical use - low potential for abuse - moderate to low risk of dependence - ex. xanax, sleeping pills, valium
28
schedule V drug:
- widely used for medical purposes - low potential for abuse - contains limited quantities of narcotics - ex. tylenol with codeine, robitussin
29
illegal drugs:
- schedule I narcotics - addictive - depressants - suppress pain
30
hallucinogens:
affect the perception, thinking, self-awareness, and emotions
31
controlled substances:
- stimulants, narcotics, depressants, etc. - schedule II-IV
32
stimulants:
- highly addictive - increases feeling of energy while suppressing appetite - tolerance built requiring more substance - side effects: high bp, rapid heart rate, depression after effect, bleeding in the brain - cocaine, caffeine, meth
33
narcotics:
- legal opiates prescribed for extreme pain - high risk of addiction - controlled substances with prescriptions - side effects: difficulty breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness - morphine, hydromorphone, oxycodone
34
depressants:
- drugs that relieve anxiety and produce sleep - highly addictive - abrupt withdrawal can be fatal - overdose causes, death, loss of coordination, coma - barbituates, alcohol, benzodiazepines
35
alcohol:
- central nervous system depressant - high tolerance - legal but potent drug - breathalyzer to determine BAC
36
anabolic steroids:
- promote cell and tissue growth and division - originally used to treat hypogonadism - schedule II drugs
37
drug testing:
hair is more commonly used than urine
38
marijuana
- schedule one - cannabis - distorted perception, low bp, dizziness, paranoia, anxiety, confusion
39
heroin
- schedule one - narcotics - drowsiness, depression, blue fingernails and lips, constricted pupils, flushing of skin, dry mouth
40
methamphetamine
- schedule two - stimulant - agitation, high heart rate, paranoia, stroke, death, high bp, high body temp
41
cocaine
- schedule two - stimulant - loss of appetite, stroke, paranoia, cardiac arrest, anxiety, irritable
42
barbituates
- schedule three - depressant - relief of anxiety, sleepiness, clammy skin, suicidal thoughts, coma
43
xanax
- schedule four - depressant - amnesia, hostility, clammy skin, dilated pupils, weak pulse, coma
44
LSD
- schedule one - hallucinogen - distorted perception of shapes and sizes, acute anxiety, depression, psychosis, death
45
acute poisoning:
- high doses over short period of time - symptoms are seen immediately - cyanide poisoning
46
chronic poisoning:
- small doses over long period of time - symptoms are not very visible - typ[ically not reversible
47
arsenic poisoning:
- used in the production of pesticides, herbicides, wood preservation, etc. - used to treat syphilis until 20th century - symptoms: garlic odor in breath, hypersalivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, skin lesion
48
mercury poisoning:
- sources: broken mercury thermometer, some skin products, certain types of fish - symptoms: hearing difficulties, memory problems, anxiety, tremors
49
lead poisoning:
- causes: using lead-based paints, water pipes, cosmetics, herbal remedies, lead bullets - symptoms: loss of appetite, weight loss, headaches, fatigue
50
carbon monoxide:
cars, WWII gas chambers
51
hydrogen cyanide and potassium chloride:
capital punishment
52
pesticides kil ___ and herbicides kill ___
insects; plants
53
almost ___ of the individuals in federal prison are there because of drug-related offenses
half
54
presumptive tests:
conducted by 1st responders
55
confirmatory tests:
conducted by toxicologists

Forensics 101 (7 decks)

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