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Psych > Unit 8- Learning and Intelligence > Flashcards

Unit 8- Learning and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

habituation

A

when repeating stimulation produces warning responsiveness

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2
Q

associative learning

A

linking two events occurring together

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3
Q

conditioning

A

the process of associative learning

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4
Q

respondent behavior

A

associating stimuli we do not control and responding automatically to stimuli

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5
Q

operant behaviors

A

behaviors that operate on the environment causing consequences

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6
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information through observation

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7
Q

classical condition

A

learning through linking two stimuli

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

an objective science based on observable behavior

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9
Q

neutral stimuli

A

a stimuli that elicits no response before conditioning

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10
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned natural response

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimuli that occurs naturally and activates a response

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

relating the previously unconditioned response to two stimuli

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus now has a purpose in the conditioning

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14
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning of the stimulus response relationship

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15
Q

higher order conditioning

A

a procedure where a CS is paired with a new US and links

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16
Q

extinction

A

the diminished response when the CS no longer signals US

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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause

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18
Q

generalization

A

the tendency to respond to stimuli greater than CS

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19
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability of being able to distinguish between the US and irrelevant stimuli

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20
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of learning where actions are either rewarded or punished

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21
Q

law of effect

A

rewarded behavior tends to recur and punished behavior is less likely to recur

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22
Q

operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

a box with a bar (lever) or key (a disc) that when activated releases a reward and rewards responses

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23
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens a preceding response

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24
Q

shaping

A

gradually guiding someone’s behavior towards the desired behavior

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25
discriminative stimulus
a signal that a response will be reinforced
26
positive reinforcement
strengthens by presenting a pleasurable stimulus right after a response
27
negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
28
primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimuli such as satisfying a biological need
29
conditioned reinforcers
get their power through association of a primary one
30
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response immediately
31
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
sometimes reinforced, sometimes not
32
fixed -ratio schedules
reinforces behavior after a set amount of responses
33
variable -ratio schedules
reinforces behaviors after an unpredictable amount of results
34
fixed- interval schedules
reinforces the first response after a fixed period of time
35
variable -interval schedules
reinforcing the first response after a varied amount of time
36
punishment
decreases a behavior
37
biofeedback
a system of recording, amplifying and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses
38
preparedness
a species predisposition prepare it to learn the associations to survive
39
taste aversion
tasting a food to see if its poisonous then avoiding it
40
instinctive drift
the tendency of learned behavior to go back to biological patterns
41
predictability
knowing how likely it will occur
42
Edwards Tolman's Experiment
Rats in mazes
43
cognitive map
a mental presentation of the map
44
latent learning
unconscious learning that is not apparent until needed
45
insight
an abrupt, true-seeming and often satisfying solution
46
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake
47
extrinsic motivation
behaving in ways that gain external rewards or avoid punishment
48
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by either changing the stressor or way which you interact with it
49
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and insisted focusing on personal emotional needs
50
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment
51
learned helplessness
the feeling of uncontrollable hopelessness
52
external LOC
the perception that chance/outside focus control their life
53
internal LOC
people control their own destiny
54
self control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification
55
observational learning (social learning)
learning through watching events
56
modeling
observing and imitating others
57
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform or observe actions
58
prosocial
positive helpful behaviors
59
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt
60
general intelligence (Charles Spearman)
the heart of all intelligent behavior
61
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items
62
savant syndrome
having an island of brilliance but score low on IQ tests with low language skills
63
Robert Sternberg Three Intelligences
Analytical, creative, practical
64
emotional intelligence
Perceiving, understanding, managing, using emotions
65
Gardner's multiple intelligences
our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent categories
66
reinfaction
viewing an abstract immaterial concepts it were a concrete thing
67
intelligence test
a way to determine someone's mental aptitudes and compares them to others
68
achievement tests
ones that reflect your learning
69
aptitude tests
ones that predict your abilities
70
mental age (Binet)
the level of performance correlating to a chronological age
71
Stanford-Binet (Terman)
intelligence test that determines inherent intelligence
72
IQ
someones mental age divided by chronological age times 100
73
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the widely used intelligence test
74
Standardization
when multiple people take a test then compare to a control group
75
normal curve
usual results from test takers
76
Flynn effect
IQ test results have improved over years
77
reliability
the consistency of the test
78
validity
is the test measuring what it says it will
79
content validity
tests that tap into pertinent behavior
80
predictive validity
test that predicts future performance
81
crystalized intelligence
accumulated knowledge increases up to old age
82
fluid intelligence
the ability to reason and use logic to problem solve
83
intellectual disability
a developmental condition apparent before 18, sometimes with a physical cause
84
down syndrome
a disorder of varying intellectual and physical severity caused by a copy of chromosome 21
85
heritability
the proportion of variability according to genes
86
stereotype threat
a self fulfilling concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Psych (10 decks)

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