Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 3

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry; such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 5

Incentive

Answer 5

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

Question 6

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 6

Begins at the base of physiological needs before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it is low, we feel hunger.

Question 8

Insulin

Answer 8

a hormone secreted by the pancreas; it controls blood glucose

Question 9

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 9

the sides of the hypothalamus that bring on hunger

Question 10

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 10

the lower-mid hypothalamus that depressed hunger

Question 11

Ghrelin hormone

Answer 11

secreted by an empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” to the brain

Question 12

Obestatin hormone

Answer 12

secreted by stomach; tells brain “I’m full”

Question 13

Leptin hormone

Answer 13

secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Question 14

Set point

Answer 14

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lower metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Question 15

Basal metabolic weight

Answer 15

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 16

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 16

an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

Question 17

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 17

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive excercise

Question 18

Binge eating disorder

Answer 18

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Question 19

Fat cells

Answer 19

30 to 40 billion
Can swell to 3 times their size
Can increase in number, but never decrease in number

Question 20

Fat

Answer 20

Has a low metabolic rate

Question 21

Sexual response cycle

Answer 21

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson — excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution

Question 22

Refractory period

Answer 22

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man can not achieve another orgasm

Question 23

Estrogen

Answer 23

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female characteristics.

Question 24

Testosterone

Answer 24

the most important of the make sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in makes stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 25

Sexual orientation

Answer 25

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

Question 26

Social bonds

Answer 26

boosted our ancestors survival rate

Question 27

Emotion

Answer 27

a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience

Question 28

James-Lange theory

Answer 28

the theory that the experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Question 29

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 29

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses, and the subjective experience of emotion

Question 30

Two-factor theory

Answer 30

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

Question 31

Physiological

Answer 31

controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Question 32

Polygraphs

Answer 32

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)

Question 33

Facial feedback

Answer 33

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

Question 34

Catharsis

Answer 34

emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Question 35

Feel good-do good phenomenon

Answer 35

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Question 36

Well-being

Answer 36

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

Question 37

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 37

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Question 38

Relative deprivation

Answer 38

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

Question 39

Behavioral medicine

Answer 39

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Question 40

Health psychology

Answer 40

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Question 41

Stress

Answer 41

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called **stressors**, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 42

Flight or fight

Answer 42

when under stress, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and respiration, diverts blood from digestion to the muscles, dulls pains, releases sugar and fat from the body's store, to prep for fight or flight.

Question 43

Han's Selye's 3 phases of stress

Answer 43

Phase 1 - Alarm reaction - mobilize resources Phase 2 - Resistance - cope with stressor Phase 3 - Exhaustion - reserves depleted

Question 44

General adaptive syndrome

Answer 44

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases

Question 45

Coronary heart disease

Answer 45

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America

Question 46

Type A

Answer 46

a Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people

Question 47

Type B

Answer 47

A Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Question 48

Pessimists

Answer 48

almost twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease

Question 49

Psychophysiological illness

Answer 49

literally "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

Question 50

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 50

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Question 51

Lymphocytes

Answer 51

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system

Question 52

B lymphocytes

Answer 52

form in bone marrow and release antibodies to fight bacterial infections

Question 53

T lymphocytes

Answer 53

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses and other foreign substances