Unit 8 review

Question 1

non-renewable resources

Answer 1

they take a long time to form and be replaced. Easy to mine and cheap to use
coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear fuel
currently non-renewable resources dominate global energy

Question 2

Disadvantages of coal

Answer 2

produces greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming
pollutes the environment
pollutants from coal can mix with water and create acid rain
the pollutants can cause health problems in humans
miners who mine coal can get a disease called black lung

Question 3

disadvantages of oil

Answer 3

when it is burnt, it produces greenhouse gases which contributes to global warming
limited supply
expensive to mine
oil reserves are expected to run out by 2050

Question 4

disadvantages of natural gas

Answer 4

when burnt it gives off atmospheric pollutants
limited supply
expensive to mine and access
natural gas reserves are expected to run out by 2060

Question 5

disadvantages of nuclear energy

Answer 5

expensive to establish and run a nuclear power station
waste from a nuclear station can be very toxic
waste needs to be stored properly for hundreds of years
leaks from waste storage can affect the environment
nuclear fall can be detrimental to humans, plants and animals

Question 6

energy demand varies with population size and GDP

Answer 6

higher populations consume more energy
higher GDPs tend to consume more energy

Question 7

energy supplies vary with the energy policy of a country

Answer 7

if a country focuses on efficiency and sustainability the demand for renewable energy will increase
if a country focuses on industrialisation the demand for non renewable energy will increase

Question 8

energy demand varies with physical factors within a country

Answer 8

location of deposits of fossil fuels
renewable energy sources require suitable locations
tidal power requires a large tidal range
wind power requires high average wind speed throughout the year
HEP requires high precipitation, steep valleys and impermeable rock
large power stations require flat land and geologically stable foundations

Question 9

energy demand varies with economic factors

Answer 9

exploitation of resources
in less industrialised countries, FDI is required to access the resources
as energy prices rise, companies are more likely to increase spending on exploration and exploitation

Question 10

energy demand varies with political factors

Answer 10

international agreements impact the way nations organise their energy
an HEP scheme that draws water form rivers that cross international borders may need agreements form other countries
governments within countries may insist that companies produce a certain proportion of their energy from renewables

Question 11

resource endowment

Answer 11

the level of energy resources a country can exploit
those countries with a high level of endowment tend to be more prosperous than those who lack domestic energy resources and rely heavily on imports

Question 12

resource curse theory

Answer 12

volatility of prices on the global market
decline in the competitiveness of other economic sectors
government mismanagement
weak and inefficient exploitation of resources
some LICs that have a lot of non-renewables grow more slowly due to these

Question 13

development of energy technology

Answer 13

increases the ability to exploit resources

Question 14

environmental impact of energy

Answer 14

those who are will informed about the environmental impact of energy sources can influence government policy

Question 15

trends in the consumption of fossil fuels, nuclear power and renewable energy in MICs and LICs

Answer 15

global energy consumption is rising due to power generation, strong industrial demand and increase transport control fuel consumption

Question 16

trends in oil consumption

Answer 16

main source of energy in the Americas and Africa
makes up 50% of the energy used in the middle east

Question 17

trends on coal consumption

Answer 17

main energy source in the Asian Pacific
Europe, Eurasia, Asian Pacific and North American have even coal reserves
China dominates coal production and consumption

Question 18

trends in natural gas consumption

Answer 18

main source of energy in Europe and Eurasia

Question 19

trends in nuclear power consumption

Answer 19

many European countries use nuclear as its primary energy source
China, South Korea and India are expanding production

Question 20

trends in HEP consumption

Answer 20

China, Brazil and the USA produce 55% of the global total

Question 21

trends in wind power consumption

Answer 21

doubles in capacity every 3 years

Question 22

trends in biofuel consumption

Answer 22

can be made form crops like oilseed, corn and sugar
USA is the biggest producer
Ethanol fuel stations are found in Brazil

Question 23

advantages of biofuels

Answer 23

cost benefit - increase demand could reduce costs
easy to source
renewable
reduces greenhouse gas emissions
economic security
reduce dependence on foreign oil

Question 24

disadvantages of biofuels

Answer 24

high cost of production
use of fertiliser could cause water pollution
industrial pollution - production release pollution into the atmosphere
cost of research and installation could cause the cost of biofuels to increase

Question 25

environmental degredation

Answer 25

the deterioration of the environment through and increase of pollutants, improper land use and natural disasters

Question 26

pollution

Answer 26

a dominant factor of environmental degradation of land, air and water and impacts significantly on human health there is a considerable global variation in deaths from urban air pollution

Question 27

land pollution

Answer 27

includes rubbish dumps, spoil heaps and contaminated land derelict land is land which has been os damaged by industrial or other development that its incapable of beneficial use without treatment

Question 28

water pollution

Answer 28

by the discharge of waste water from industries, domestic sewage, acid drainage, toxic salts from mines, pesticides, pesticide fertilisers, farm effluents and thermal change

Question 29

air pollution

Answer 29

the release of chemical particulates into the atmosphere

Question 30

LICs pollution

Answer 30

dominated by agriculture and mining industrialisation, manufacturing, energy production and transportation are the major polluters

Question 31

demand for water

Answer 31

doubles every 20 years 750 million lack access to safe drinking water

Question 32

water scarcity

Answer 32

a major world environmental problem threatening the put the worlds food supply in jeopardy, limit economic and social development and create conflict between neighbouring drainage basin countries many of the largest rivers are drying up due to over use and climate change

Question 33

climate change risk to rivers

Answer 33

there is a direct relationship between the global temperature and the rate of evaporation from rivers. as temperature increases so does evaporation due to climate changes, even the rainfall patterns are becoming too unpredictable prolonging droughts

Question 34

agriculture risk to rivers

Answer 34

70% of fresh water is used by agriculture activities globally. more agriculture will demand more water with the increasing population and demand for products this can be a reason fro dried up rivers

Question 35

population growth risk to rivers

Answer 35

water usage will only continue to increase

Question 36

energy conflicts

Answer 36

HEP dams are built on shared rivers and divert water around sections of the river leaving them dry. it can get worse by alternating between unnatural drought and flood conditions rivers are therefore ar risk

Question 37

physical water scarcity

Answer 37

water is not abundant enough to meet all demands demand for water is greater than the regions ability to provide water associated with arid and semi arid areas that experience high temperatures and evapotranspiration rates as well as low precipitation climate change can result in some areas experiencing drought also occurs where water seems abundant but is being over utilised through energy generation, irrigation and hydraulic infrastructure

Question 38

economic water scarcity

Answer 38

lack of investment or capacity in water infrastructure occurs when the population does not have the funds to utilise the available water resources lack of investment in water infrastructure investing will help reduce powering and increase LIC productivity will also improve health conditions

Question 39

institutional water scarcity

Answer 39

rights are not defined or clear

Question 40

virtual water

Answer 40

the amount of water used to produce other products and is embedded within the item

Question 41

how to improve the water quality of streams

Answer 41

control farm contaminants by applying mitigation tools plant trees on hills and near streams to reduce land run off remove or mitigate possible limiting factors which prevent natural recovery of the area in the short and long term manage stock more efficiently take care when applying fertilisers and pesticides be aware of water table depth and avoid overusing water in dry seasons careful planning of urban growth and subdivision so they have minimal impact on neighbouring waterways continued control or removal of invasive species or pests

Question 42

why have rural areas been rapidly degraded

Answer 42

overpopulation policy failure rural inequalities resource imbalances unsustainable technologies trade relationships large scale capital intensive farming has increased large scale agriculture in many LICs are controlled by TNCs large agricultural industries need to increase their market share and reduce costs to be more competitive

Question 43

impacts of rapid urbanisation

Answer 43

loss of agricultural land loss of habitat loss of biodiversity decrease in groundwater supply change in local climates

Question 44

constraints to managing a decreases environment

Answer 44

rural urban migration poo management at a local or national government level civil war lack of finances

Question 45

protection of environments at risk

Answer 45

needs are strategies that need to be implemented to reduce environmental degradation measures are policies and practices that can be implemented to achieve these outcomes outcomes are measures of success of the strategies

Question 46

managing populations that have to support large populations

Answer 46

ensure sustainable agriculture practices promote land reforms so local people have greater land security create action plan for sustainable agriculture integrate pest management and sustainable technology