unit 9

Question 1

what tissues are connective tissue (5)

Answer 1

Blood, bone, fat, tendon, cartillage

Question 2

Connective tissue functions (7)

Answer 2

• metabolism and structure
• protective sheath for organs
• insulating the body
• energy reserve
• structural framework
• medium for transporting substances
• healing and defence in the body

Question 3

what percent of the bodies protein is collagen?

Answer 3

20-25%

Question 4

collagen structural roles (4)

Answer 4

• form and shape
• holds muscle fibre together
• supports blood vessels and nerves in muscles
• protects muscle fibres from damage during muscle contractions

Question 5

what is responsible for beef toughness

Answer 5

collagen - also cant be corrected post mortem

Question 6

what is collagen surrounding muscle

Answer 6

epimysium

Question 7

what is collagen surrounding muscle fibre bundles

Answer 7

perimysium

Question 8

what is the endomysium

Answer 8

collagen surrounding muscle fibres

Question 9

what is tropocollagen mainly made of (3)

Answer 9

• amino acids (glycine at every third position)
• proline
• hydroxyproline

Question 10

do young animals have more or less collagen than older animals

Answer 10

more - to grow and stay structurally sound

Question 11

degree of collagen turnover %

Answer 11

10% - high degree

Question 12

what is a non reducible collagen cross link

Answer 12

pyridinoline

Question 13

why do older animals have tougher meat

Answer 13

they have more collagen cross linking and more non-reducible collagen than younger animals

Question 14

adipose tissue roles (3)

Answer 14

• energy stores
• thermal insulator
• mechanical shock absorber to protect organs

Question 15

Finishing in meat

Answer 15

to put on some fat to make the meat more tender and juicy

Question 16

saturated vs unsaturated fat

Answer 16

saturated fat is not good for you
unsaturated fat is better

Question 17

adipocyte germ-line

Answer 17

mesenchymal - adipoblast - preadipocyte - development - maturation

Question 18

SQ fat

Answer 18

aka backfat
- insulation and energy reserve

Question 19

what happens to Intramuscular fat during slaughtering

Answer 19

waste in the meat industry
- is usually trimmed when slaughtering

Question 20

where is internal fat commonly found (4)

Answer 20

• around joints, kidneys and the heart
• in bone marrow
• behind eyeballs
• insulate and protect organs

Question 21

caul fat

Answer 21

in omentum

Question 22

lace fat

Answer 22

in mesenteries

Question 23

phases of fat deposition

Answer 23

• deposition of internal fats
• deposition of SQ and IM fats
• deposition of IM marbling fats

Question 24

factors affecting fat deposition (4)

Answer 24

• breed
• gender
• diet
• genetics

Question 25

optimal fat %

Answer 25

3-7.5%

Question 26

Why do we have brown fat

Answer 26

- found in newborn mammals - temperature regulation

Question 27

brown fat compared to white fat (6)

Answer 27

- is smaller in size - has more mitochondria - more cytochromes for oxidative metabolism - smaller triglyceride droplets - greater oxygen consumption - more vasculature - more cytoplasm

Question 28

thyroxin fat does what

Answer 28

produces non-shivering heat increases fat metabolism

Question 29

what is biohydrogenation?

Answer 29

the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids

Question 30

lipogenesis

Answer 30

- lipid synthesis - in the liver and adipose tissue

Question 31

substrate for lipogenesis in ruminant vs non ruminant

Answer 31

ruminant - glucose non ruminant - acetic acid

Question 32

beta agonist

Answer 32

reduces excess fat deposition

Question 33

trenbolone acetate effect on gains

Answer 33

increase gains with addition to estrogen or testosterone implants

Question 34

what food product is high in estrogen

Answer 34

soy - hundred thousands ng compared to meats 1.2 ng

Question 35

dorsal

Answer 35

towards spine u can sit on a door - saddle