Unit 9 - Plants

Question 1

Are plants autotrophs or heterotrophic? Are they motile or immotile?

Answer 1

Autotrophic, imotile

Question 2

What are plant cell walls made up of?

Answer 2

Cellulose

Question 3

What do plasmodesmata do?

Answer 3

Link together plant cells

Question 4

What is the function of dermal tissue? What is the function of vascular tissue?

Answer 4

Dermal tissue- protection
Vascular tissue- transportation

Question 5

What does xylem carry? What direction does it move?
What does pholem carry? What direction does it move?

Answer 5

Xylem- carries water from Roots to the plant
Pholem- Carries sugar from leaves to plant

Question 6

What are the three functions of ground tissue?
What is the purpose of meristem tissue?

Answer 6

Ground tissue- photosynthesis, storage, structure
Meristem tissue- purpose is growth

Question 7

Name two organisms that are like plants but aren’t

Answer 7

Cyanobacteria
Algae (green, brown, red)

Question 8

Distinguish between bryophytes and tracheophytes

Answer 8

Bryophytes- means “Moss plant”, no vascular tissue
Tracheophyte- means “ tube plant”, has vascular tissue

Question 9

There are two types of tracheophytes, seed and seedless. Name four seedless plants.

Answer 9

{Ferns}
Whisk ferns
Horse tails
Club mosses

Question 10

There are two types of tracheophytes. Seed and seedless plants. What are the two groups that are included in seed plants?

Answer 10

Angiosperm and gymnosperms

Question 11

What is a gymnosperm?
What is an angiosperm?

Answer 11

Gymnosperm- “naked seed”
Includes: {conifers}, ginkgos, cycads, gnetophytes

Angiosperm- “vessel seed”
Includes: {flowering plants}

Question 12

Explain photosynthesis

Answer 12

(I’ll fill this in later when I understand it)

Question 13

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

Answer 13

6CO(2) + 6H(2)➡️ C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)

() Means little number

Question 14

Algae
Green, Brown, and Red

Answer 14

Green
-Varied, but mostly Unicellular
- Oxygen producers
-Low level food source
- Asexual and sexual

Brown
-Varied, filamentous or multicellular
- Oxygen producers
-low level food source
-mats of it offer shelter for many life forms
-Asexual and sexual

Red
-Varied, some Unicellular, some filamentous
-oxygen producers, dwell deeply in ocean
- sexual and asexual

Question 16

Bryophyta
Moss, Liverworts, Hornworts

Answer 16

Moss
- nonvascular, 3 types: peat moss, true moss, rock moss
- mainly good for primary succession and soil formation
- asexual via fragmentation, sexual/asexual via alternating life cycles

Liverworts
- chambered structure
- often found growing on moist soil after a fire, early colonizer
- asexual via fragmentation, sexual asexual via alternating life cycles

Hornworts
- mutualistic relationship with cyanobacteria
- asexual via fragmentation, sexual/ asexual via alternating lifecycles

Question 18

What does it mean that tracheophytes contain vascular tissue?

Answer 18

-They have tubes
-They can transport water and food across long distances
- they can reach larger sizes

Question 20

If a tracheophyte is seedless, how do they reproduce?
If a tracheophyte has seeds, how do they reproduce?

Answer 20

If they are seedless they reproduce with spores. These plants have alternating sexual and asexual generations, kind of like moss.

If they have seeds they reproduce with seeds

Question 21

What is a frond?
What is a fiddlehead?

Answer 21

Frond is a leaf of a Fern
A fiddlehead is a juvenile frond

Question 23

Seedless Plants
Ferns, whisk ferns, club Moss, horsetails

Answer 23

All four reproduce with spores.

Ferns- common in tropical areas, excellent ear cleaners

Whisk ferns- Dichototomous stem arrangement

Club moss- resemble clubs made of moss, highly explosive

Horsetails- either single shafts or branching shafts, thermal tissue includes silicone dioxide (makes up glass and sand)

Question 24

Conifers

Answer 24

Means “cone bearer”
Pines- {bundled} needles and Bunches of two to five
Spruces-{square} single needles
Firs- {flat} single needles
Cedars- {scales} instead of needles

Question 25

Do conifers have male or female cones?

Answer 25

Some trees are male, some teams are female, some trees possess both sexes on differing branches. Comes produce either female parts (ovaries) or male parts (pollen)

Question 26

Conifers possess resin canals. What is the point of resin?

Answer 26

Resin defends the tree from insects that would try to eat it. It also defends the tree from fungi.

Question 27

Why do conifers tend to be found more frequently in the north?

Answer 27

( again, I'll answer this question when I get the answer)

Question 28

What is the conifer's use for man?

Answer 28

- gives us soft wood - some are edible - juniper berries are edible and the flowers are used to flavor gin - some conifers like yew, are deadly

Question 29

Ginkoes

Answer 29

-Only one species- The ginkgo tree - ginkgo trees possess the only dichotomous leaves in the plant Kingdom

Question 30

Cycads and Gnetophytes

Answer 30

Cycads- tropical plants, either male or female Gnetophytes- they exist, insignificant

Question 31

Angiosperms are split into what two groups? Explain each group.

Answer 31

Monocots- includes grass, one original leaf from their seed Dicots- includes everything except grass, two original leaves from their seeds

Question 33

Angiosperm Structure: Roots What do Roots do for the plant?

Answer 33

- Roots provide plants with structure - Roots will absorb water through their dermal and gram tissues into their vascular tissues - not really relevant to the question but root hairs have a large amount of surface area

Question 34

Angiosperm structure stems

Answer 34

Stems consist of large amounts of vascular tissue. Sometimes ground tissue also is present as pith which serves as storage space

Question 35

Anglosperm structure: leaves

Answer 35

Leaves are the organs of photosynthesis Leaves a lot of water to leave the plant and gas to enter and exit the plant

Question 36

What is transpiration?

Answer 36

When water is drawn through the plant from the roots through the leaves.

Question 37

What is the gas exchange done by leaves?

Answer 37

Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny holes, Oxygen leaves these holes after being made in photosynthesis. The leaf is entrance and exit for gas.

Question 38

What is the structure of a angiosperm leaf?

Answer 38

Cuticle- waxy layer secreted by cells, useful in keeping water balanced Epidermis- secretes the cuticle, does not photosynthesize Mesophyll- Middle layer, ground tissue, photosynthesizers Palisade Mesophyll- Top layer, dense for efficiency Spongy Mesophyll- bottom layer, loose for gas movement

Question 39

What is stomata? What are guard cells?

Answer 39

Stomata- The holes in the bottom of the epidermis Guard cells- The cells that open and close the holes

Question 40

How is angiosperm reproduction done?

Answer 40

Angiosperm reproduction is sexual, it takes place with a gametes made in flowers. This is done using pollinators, once a flower gets fertilized a fruit develops.

Question 41

What are the three stem arrangements?

Answer 41

Opposite Alternate Whorled

Question 42

What are the four blade shapes?

Answer 42

Entire Serrate Toothed Lobed

Question 43

What are the four vein arrangements?

Answer 43

Parallel Pinnate Palmate Dichotomous

Question 44

Flowers consist of several parts. What are they?

Answer 44

Stamen- Male part of the flower Pistil- female part of the flower Petal Sepal

Question 45

Drupes

Answer 45

One fruit, one stone, one seed Peaches, cherries, plums, coconuts, walnuts, almonds, pecans

Question 46

Berries

Answer 46

One fruit, soft without Stone, several seeds Blueberries, kiwi, banana, coffee, tomato, pomegranate, grapes

Question 47

Nuts

Answer 47

One hard fruit Chestnuts, acorn, hickory

Question 48

Legumes

Answer 48

Dry pod which splits in two Peas, peanuts, beans

Question 49

Pomes

Answer 49

Fleshy fruit, thin skin Apples, pears

Question 50

Hesperidium

Answer 50

Basically a berry with a rind Oranges, lemons, limes

Question 51

Samara

Answer 51

Winged seeds Maple tree seeds

Question 52

Grain

Answer 52

Seed with very thin, attached coating Corn, rye, wheat, barley

Question 53

Pepo

Answer 53

Like a berry but with an especially thick rind Pumpkins, cucumbers, watermelons, squash, cantaloupe

Question 54

Aggregate fruit

Answer 54

Cluster of fruit parts with many seeds developed from one flower with several ovaries Strawberry, raspberry, blackberry

Question 55

Multiple fruit

Answer 55

Several flowers ovaries combine Pineapple, fig, mulberry, osage osage, breadfruit