UNIT A (BIO) Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
When does diversity occur?
A
Between ecosystems
Variety of ecosystems
Ex: Lion King vs. Tarzan Ecosystems
Within ecosystems
Community: different species, same place
Populations: Same species, same place
Within Species
Ex: Humans
2
Q
Variation
A
Visible differences in behaviours, physical traits may be observed between all organisms
3
Q
Intraspecific
A
A species is any group of organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring due to similarities in their genetic code
4
Q
Biodiversity
A
It is a measurement of the interspecific and intraspecific variation that exists within an ecosystem.
5
Q
Species
A
Organisms that will interbreed in nature & produce fertile offsprings
6
Q
Diversity
A
Considered the NUMBER & VARIETY of species in an ecosystem
7
Q
Region with highest diversity
A
Closest to the equator
8
Q
Specialist
A
- Occupy a NARROW Niche
- Very Specific needs
- Trouble adapting to environment changes
Number of species goes UP
Population of each species goes DOWN
9
Q
Generalists
A
- Occupy a BROAD niche
- Naturally adapted better to changes in environment
Number of species goes DOWN
Population of each species goes UP
10
Q
Niche
A
Where and organism lives AND what it does
ex. Overall role
11
Q
Adaptations
A
Specific variations to an inherited trait that increases an organisms chance of survival in a specific environment
12
Q
Ecosystem
A
an interaction between biotic and abiotic components in a shared environment
13
Q
Measuring Diversity
A
Measurement called diversity index
14
Q
Biological Classification
A
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
OR
King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup
15
Q
Introduced Species
A
plants, animals and microorganisms that have been accidentally or deliberately introduced into areas beyond their native range
16
Q
Invasive Species
A
introduced species whose introduction or spread negatively impacts the environment, economy, and/or society including human health.
17
Q
Keystone Species
A
an organism that helps define an entire ecosystem. Without its keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether
18
Q
Variation Within Species
A
Members of the SAME species have differences
EX. Dog Breeds
19
Q
Variation Between Species
A
Members of DIFFERENT species have differences
EX. Cats vs Dogs
20
Q
Speciation
A
an evolutionary process which occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics.
21
Q
Competition
A
Competition is the interaction between organisms, populations, or species, in which birth, growth and death depend on gaining a share of a limited environmental resources.
21
Q
Interspecies Competition (Different)
A
Trees and plants may have different growth strategies to get sunlight
22
Q
Intraspecies Competition (Same)
A
Competition between males for a mate
23
Q
Symbiotic Relationships
A
Many organisms rely on other species for survival. A relationship in which two different species live in direct contact is known as symbiosis.
24
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit from the relationship
(e.g. humans & intestinal bacteria)
25
Parasitism
One organism benefits from the relationship at
the cost of the other (e.g. mosquitos &
mammals)
26
Commensalism
One organism benefits from the relationship
while the other receives neither benefit nor harm (e.g. remora fish & sharks)
27
Heritability
Characteristics that are passed on from parents to their offspring are said to be heritable.
These traits are passed down through their genes, the genetic material contained within the nucleus of each and every cell in your body
28
Asexual Reproduction
- Involves just one parent
-Offspring are duplicates, or clones of the parent; they have the same genetic material and thus the same characteristics
29
Sexual Reproduction
- Involves two parents
-Offspring possess 50% of parent A’s genetic info, and 50% of parent B’s genetic info; they thus have a combination of parental characteristics
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
-Binary Fission
-Asexual Spores
-Budding
-Vegetative reproduction
31
Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction used primarily by bacteria.
Steps include:
Cell duplicates its genetic information and contents
Cell divides into 2 cells, each with a copy of the same genetic information
32
Spore Production
-Used mostly by single celled eukaryotic organisms (mold, fungi) or prokaryotic organisms (bacteria)
-Formed from a single parent to ensure survival of the species/promote reproduction
33
Asexual Spores
-Used mainly by fungi (e.g. mushrooms)
-Organism’s genetic info is copied in each single-celled spore, which are released and spread through wind, rain, etc.
34
Budding
-Used by smaller animals such as sea sponges and hydra
-As the organism grows, one of its cells will form a bud and start to grow on its own
-When the bud has completely developed, it detaches
-The bud in an exact copy of the original organism
35
Vegetative Reproduction
-The growing tips of plant roots and stems contain areas of rapidly reproducing cells called the meristem
-When a plant is damaged, these meristem cells can create copies of the damaged cells, allowing the plant to continue to grow
-By taking a cutting of the meristem, you can grow an exact copy of the plant
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Advantages of Asexual
FAST & INDIVIDUAL
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Disadvantages of Asexual
LIMITED DIVERSITY
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Sexual Reproduction #2
-Happens when offspring form as a result of genetic information coming from TWO parents.
-Involves the union of sex cells called GAMETES that have half the genetic information of the parent.
-Increases variation within a species
38
Sexual Reproduction in Humans & Animals
-Male gametes (sperm cells) unite with female gametes (egg cells or ova). When they unite, its a process called fertilization.
-When the egg and sperm are joined together and fertilized they become a zygote.
39
Stages of Sexual Reproduction
STAGE 1
Gametes
(Sex Cells)
Gametes
(Sex Cells)
Sperm+Egg
n + n
50% + 50%
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STAGE 2
Fertilization
Fertilization
Process of egg +
Sperm combining
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STAGE 3
Zygote
Zygote
100% DNA
2n
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STAGE 4
Mitosis
Cells begin to divide,
Making copies
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STAGE 5
Blastocyst
(Ball of cells)
Each Cell has 100% DNA
or 2n
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STAGE 6
Meiosis
Cells start to specialize
based on function
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STAGE 7
Embryo/Baby
Each cell has 100% DNA
or 2n
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Typesof Sexual reproduction
Zygospores
Bacterial Conjugation
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
-Gymnosperms
-Angiosperms
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
-External fertilization
-Internal fertilization
47
Zygospores
Hyphae from different colonies meet and donate DNA to make genetically different offspring. Ex: Molds and Fungi
48
Bacterial Conjugation
Does not actually result in offspring but dopes increase diversity by exchanging DNA
49
Sexual Reproduction in plants
Gymnosperms
used by conifers such as spruce, pine and fir
do not form flowers or fruit; instead, seeds are produced inside of cones
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Sexual Reproduction in plants
Angiosperms
used by flowering plants
produce seeds that are covered by fruit
seed is formed when the pollen (sperm) and the ovule (egg) unite during pollination
51
Cross Fertilization
occurs when a grain of this pollen produces a long tube that eventually grows down the style into the ovary that contains the ovules.
52
Cross Pollination
occurs when the pollen of one plant is carried to the stigma of another by wind, water, or animals, such as bees or butterflies.
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External Fertilization
Egg is fertilized outside the body
Used by fish & amphibians
Requires a moist environment (so sperm can swim to the egg, and the zygote won’t dry out)
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Internal Firtilization
Egg is fertilized inside the body
Used by mammals, birds, and insects
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Advantages of Sexual
Increase of Variation
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Disadvantages of Sexual
Partners Needed
Increase energy requirements
57
Genetics
The variations we see are the result of gene expression. Genes are the sections of chromosomes, or strands of DNA, that code for different traits
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Inherited Traits
(hereditary) are present in a person since the time of his birth and are passed on from one generation to another
EX. Eye Color, Height
59
Acquired Traits
non-hereditary) are the ones that a person develops during his lifetime
EX. Language Spoken, scars
60
Nature vs Nurture
Some traits, such as eye colour, are determined solely by genetics (nature)
Other traits, such as scars, are determined solely by environment (nurture)
61
Discrete Variations
Variations that have a limited amount of possibilities (“either/or” variations)
E.g. ear lobes are either attached or unattached
Often the result of a single gene
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Continuous Variations
Variations that have a range of possibilities (along a spectrum)
E.g. height
Often the result of multiple genes interacting with environmental factors
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Dominante Trait
An inherited characteristics that appears in an offspring if it is contributed from a parent through a dominant allele
EX. Dark Hair
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Recessive Trait
A trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles, or forms of a gene
EX. Dimples, Freckles
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what is DNA
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Blueprint with a wide range of instructions
Found in the nucleus of all of your cells
Inherited material responsible for variation
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what is DNA #2
- Double-helix structure
- Double Stranded
-Ladder in a continuous spiral made of phosphate and sugar
-Rungs of the ladder are nitrogen bases (molecules) (A, T, C, G)
-These form the genetic code. Vary in how they are arranged.
G = Guanine C = Cytosine
T = Thymine A = Adenine
67
Chromosomes
Large strands of DNA coiled around proteins
23 pairs in the human body
Male Female
23 23
Offspring 46 Total
68
Somatic/Body Cells
Each contain 100% of organisms DNA (All 46 chromosomes) "2n"
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Nucleus
Contains DNA
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Gene
A portion of DNA that codes for a specific trait
DNA gives the instructions and genes carry them out
71
Alleles
different ‘versions’ of the same gene (we get one from each parents)
Eg. Blue eyes or brown eyes
72
Mitosis
All somatic cells (body cells) undergo mitosis. Results in 2 daughter cells that are exactly the same.
73
Meiosis
Replication of gametes (sex cells)
Results in 4 daughter cells, each with half the genetic information
74
Punnett Squares
A tool to see results of genetic crosses
75
Homozygous Dominate
Both alleles that are passed down are dominate
BB (Brown eyes)
76
Heterozygous
One allele is dominate the other is recessive
Recessive is MASKED
Bb (Brown eyes)
77
Homozygous Recessive
Both alleles passed onto the offspring are expressed
bb (Blue eyes)
78
Purebred
bred from parents of the same breed or variety
79
Hybrid
the offspring of two plants or animals of different varieties; they differ in a trait
80
Dominate Triats
trait that is phenotypically shown when homozygous dominant or heterozygous. Dominates over recessive
81
Recessive Traits
trait that is only phenotypically shown as homozygous recessive
82
Co-Dominance
Two forms of a gene can be expressed at the same time.
Example: Roan Coat Colour in Horses
-CC = pure coloured hair (E.x. red)
-cc = white coloured horse
-Cc = Roan (both Red hair AND White hair are expressed in the horse’s coat.
83
Incomplete dominance
An intermediate trait exists when an offspring possesses both version of the gene.
Example: Some Flowers
-RR = Red Flowers
-rr = White Flowers
-Rr = Pink Flowers
84
Artificial Selection
produces changes faster than natural selection because we essentially force the mating of two individuals that may not necessarily mate in nature
85
Selective Breeding
Produce offspring with desired traits that would not necessarily have an advantage in nature. This process is referred to as artificial selection. Humans select the traits that are “desirable” instead of nature.
86
Cross-Breeding
Mating different animals to get hybrids. Example: Dogs
87
Outcrossing
One form of artificial selection that increases genetic diversity. Example: Animals are traded between zoos or preserves.
88
Crop/Seed Selection
Farmers often choose plants with desirable characteristics (resistance to drought, high yield) and only plant those seeds.
89
Grafting
One part of a plant is transferred to a different plant. This would make it possible for us to grow many different types of apples on ONE tree
90
Cross Pollination
Pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of another.
91
Natural Selection
organisms with variations that help them survive in a particular environment will be more likely to reproduce, passing those variations on to offspring. Organisms without those variations will not be able to survive and reproduce.
92
Extinct
Species that no longer exist
93
Endangerd
an organisms numbers have decreased so much that they could become extinct
94
Extripated
An organism is extinct in a certain area it used to inhabit
95
Human Impact (BAD)
By destroying habitats, impacting the earth’s climate, hunting, and diminishing natural resources, humans have wiped out many of the species that were here before us.
96
Habitat Destruction
Deforestation
Agriculture → use of pesticides and fertilizers
Urbanization → pollution
97
Exotic Species
Species that aren’t supposed to be in an area and have no natural predators
Can become invasive and out compete the native species
98
Overhunting, Overfishing
Also sometimes called overexploitation, this means harvesting species from the wild at rates faster than natural populations can recover.
99
Indicator Species
Certain species can be used to track the “health” of our planet: Large carnivores, such as grizzly bears and wolves, tend to be the first to start disappearing when the environment changes
100
In-situ conservation
maintenance of populations of wild animals in their functioning ecosystems under protected areas.
EX. National parks
101
Ex-situ conservation
strategy targeted at preserving seeds and organisms in a place separated from the environment like in botanical gardens, zoos, or seed banks.
