UNIT B (CHEMISTRY) Flashcards
(62 cards)
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Matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Particle model of matter
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All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles called atoms
There are spaces between these particles
Particles are attracted to one another
Particles are always moving
Particles move faster & farther apart when they gain energy
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States of matter
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Solid,Liquid,Gas
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Energy change
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The gain or loss of energy results in a change in phase, or state of matter
Phase changes are not indicative of a chemical reaction
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3 states of matter (what S,L,G results in)
Solid-Liquid= melting
Liquid-Solid= Freezing
Gas-Liquid= Condensation
Liquid-Gas= Evaporation
Solid-Gas= Sublimation
Gas-Solid= Deposition
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Mixture
Mixtures contain two different types of particles
EX. cookies
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Types of pure substances
Pure substances can be further classified as either pure elements or compounds.
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Pure substance
Pure substances contain only one type of particle
EX. iron,glucose
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Pure elements
Pure elements are composed of only one type of atom (e.g. a bar of solid gold, or “Au”)
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Compound
Compounds are composed of two or more different types of atoms bonded together (e.g. a glass of water, or “H2O”)
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Types of mixtures
Mixtures can also be classified according to their properties. If the particles are uniformly scattered, the mixture is said to be homogenous. If the particles are not uniformly scattered, the mixture is said to be heterogeneous.
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Homogenous
Homogenous mixtures are usually clear and cannot be filtered to separate the particles (it is often difficult to distinguish between a solution and a pure substance without testing). Example: Iced Tea
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Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous mixtures are further classified based on the size of their particles. We can separate the different parts of this mixture. Example: Trail Mix
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Colloid
A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture composed of fine particles evenly distributed throughout a second substance. These cannot be easily filtered. E.g. clouds
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Emulsion
Emulsions are a type of colloid in which liquids are dispersed in liquids (“immiscible” liquids, or those which do not dissolve in one another). E.g. milk
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Elements
Simplest type of pure substance composed of ONE type of element
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Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Composed of:
Protons +
Neutrons 0
Electrons -
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Ionic
Formed by association of + and - IONS
EX. NACl (salt)
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Molecular
Formed by atoms SHARING electrons
EX. H2O (Water)
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Physical Change
Substance changes in form but not in chemical composition
No new substances are formed
Change can be reversed
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Chemical Change
Substance changes in chemical composition
A new substance is formed
Change cannot be reversed
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Chemical Reactions
- Heat is produced
- Change in pH
- Starting material is used up
- Change in color
- Gas Bubbles
- precipitate forms in a liquid
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Laws
used to summarize an observation.
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Theory
The theory of how gravity works is based on thousands of experiments which all confirm the same idea.
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The Law of Conservation of Mass
mass cannot be created or destroyed.
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1907 (Rutherfords)
took positively charged particles and shot them through gold foil and found that some particles bounced off.
took these positively charged particles and shot them through gold foil and found that some particles bounced off.
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1922 (Bohr)
electrons don’t randomly orbit the nucleus, but move in circular orbits called electron shells.
He believed electrons could jump between these shells by gaining or losing energy.
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1926 (Chadwick)
the nucleus contains positively charged particles (protons) and neutral particles (neutrons).
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Symbol
One or Two letter abbreviation derived from the elements English or Latin name
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Atomic Number
Equal to the number rof protons
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