Unit B Cells and Cell Systems Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What are the six main characteristics of living things?
A
They are made of cells, need energy, grow and develop, respond the the environment, reproduce, and have adaptations for their environment.
2
Q
The basic unit of life is…
A
The cell
3
Q
Everything an organism does requires…
A
Energy
4
Q
What are nutrients?
A
They are substances that provide energy to help an organism grow, develop, and reproduce.
5
Q
Chemical processes within a cell either create or use energy. What is the sum of all of the processes called?
A
The metabolism
6
Q
A stimulus is…
A
Anything that causes a response from an organism.
7
Q
A response is…
A
A reaction to a stimulus.
8
Q
An adaptation is…
A
A physical or behavioural characteristic of a species that increases the species’ chance of survival in a particular environment.
9
Q
Organisms have developed different ____ to carry out necessary _____.
A
Structures, functions
10
Q
True or false: structures can vary in shape or size to adapt to the environment.
A
True
11
Q
What are capillaries?
A
Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins one cell layer thick; they are very narrow.
12
Q
What is a compound microscope?
A
It’s an optical device used for viewing very small objects; it is a compound microscope if it has 2 or more lenses.
13
Q
Cells are…
A
The smallest known functioning units of life; all organisms are made of at least one cell.
14
Q
Cells with a similar structure and function are organized into…
A
Tissues
15
Q
Organs are…
A
tissues that work together for a common purpose
16
Q
A group of organs that work together for a common purpose are…
A
Organ Systems
17
Q
___ build up____ which build up____ which build up _____ _____.
A
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
18
Q
Many things can affect your ability to see details of the internal parts of cells with a compound microscope. Name three.
A
The type of microscope, the power of the lenses, and the quality of the prepared slides.
19
Q
What does a nucleus do in a plant/animal cell?
A
The nucleus is the “command centre” of the cell, and it directs all cellular activities such as movement, growth, and other life functions. It resembles a big ball in the centre of the cell.
20
Q
What does the mitochondria do in a plant/animal cell?
A
The mitochondria is the “powerhouse” of the cell where chemical reactions occur that convert energy the cell receives into a form it can use.
21
Q
What does the cell membrane do in a plant/animal cell?
A
It’s the outside layer of the cell that lets needed materials in bad waste materials out. It is referred to as the “controllable gateway.”
22
Q
What does the vacuole do in a plant/animal cell?
A
They are the “storage rooms” where nutrients, water, or other substances can be stored.
23
Q
True or false: animal cells have one big vacuole while plant cells have many small ones.
A
False; it is the opposite.
24
Q
What does the ribosome do in a plant/animal cell?
A
They are the “kitchen” of the cell. Ribosomes contain the nutrients requires by the cell to maintain its life processes.
25
Are cell walls and chloroplasts only in animal cells or plant cells?
Plant cells.
26
What do cell walls do?
They are the “frame” of the cell; it provides strength, support and structure to plants. It surrounds the cell membrane.
27
What do chloroplasts do?
They are the “solar panels” of the cells. They are found in the cells of the green parts of plants. They carry out photosynthesis, converting the sun’s energy into food for the cell. They resemble an oval with small circles inside of it.
28
What do cytoplasms do in a plant/animal cell?
The cytoplasm is a gelatinous liquid that occupies the inside of a cell (the open space). The other organelles lay on it.
29
Multicellular means...
To be made up of two or more cells. These organisms rely on very many specialized cells to perform certain functions, and they react to one another (THEY INTERACT).
30
Unicellular means...
To be made up of one cell. They often develop specialized structures to help them perform functions like moving, reacting to stimuli, and reproduction.
31
What are micro-organisms?
They are usually unicellular organisms that can be seen only through a microscope.
32
Pseudopods are...
Foot-like organisms that amoebas use to move around and engulf food.
33
Amoebas are...
Unicellular organisms with pseudopods that live in water.
34
What is a cilia?
Hair like structures which move back and forth like oars.
35
What is a paramecia?
Single-celled organisms that use cilia to move around.
36
Cells need to bring ____ into cells, and remove ____.
Nutrients, waste.
37
Selectively permeable means...
| Give an example of something selectively permeable
Describes a membrane with very small openings that allow particles of some substances, but not others, to pass through. (Based on size).
Eg. Cell membranes are selectively permeable.
38
Explain diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area where there are more of them to an area where there are fewer of those particles.
39
Does diffusion go from greater concentration to lower concentration, or lower concentration to greater concentration?
It goes from greater concentration to lower concentration, UNTIL equal concentration.
40
Osmosis is...
The diffusion of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane.
41
What are specialized cells?
They are found in multicellular organisms, and each kind carries out a specific function or functions needed to support life.
42
What are the jobs of red blood cells (RBCs)?
To carry oxygen to all the cells of your body through extremely small blood vessels.
43
True or false: RBCs have a nucleus.
False. Without one, they can hold more oxygen.
44
What do white blood cells (RBCs) do?
They are the warriors of our bodies that help fight illnesses, infection, and bacteria.
45
What do platelets do?
They aid in blood clotting, and close up wounds.
46
Marrow is within most bones of the _____ ____, and the make ____ ____ _____.
Skeletal system, red blood cells.
47
What are the four main types of tissue in humans?
Connective tissue (ligaments), epithelial tissue (skin), nervous tissue (nerves), muscle tissue (muscles).
48
True or false: your blood is the second largest connective tissue in your body.
True.
49
What are the four types of tissue in plants?
Photosynthetic tissue, storage tissue, protective tissue, and transport tissue.
50
Cancer is...
Uncontrolled cell division.
51
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To help process foods and liquids that are used for energy; it’s how our bodies break down food into essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids.
52
Once food is digested, the nutrients help to fuel cellular processes such as _____ ______ and give us energy.
Cellular respiration
53
What is mechanical digestion? Give an example or two.
It’s when food is physically broken down into smaller parts (eg. Chewing, stomach churning).
54
What is chemical digestion? Give some examples. What is it facilitated by?
It’s when food is broken down via chemical reactions. (Eg. Saliva, stomach acid, small intestine with the help of accessory organs). It is facilitated by special proteins called enzymes.
55
Name 3 accessory organs.
Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
56
Explain the process of the digestive system (hint: helpful vocab: mouth, esophagus, stomach acid, small intestine, large intestine, rectum)
—>Food enters the mouth (chewing, swallowing) —>travels down the esophagus (peristalsis moves food) —>enters the stomach (churns and chemically digests with acid) —>enters the small intestine (finishes digestion and nutrients absorb) —>large intestine (water absorbed) —->rectum/anus (waste released)
57
What are villi?
Finger like projections that provide more surface area for nutrients to enter the blood stream.
58
What is the purpose of the respiratory system? Where does it start?
To supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from your blood. It starts in the nasal and oral cavities.
59
Your _____ and rib muscles help facilitate your breathing.
Diaphragm
60
Gas exchange occurs inside the lungs using certain structures called.... (there are 4)
The trachea (path to lungs), bronchus (bronchi), bronchioles, alveoli.
61
Alveoli are covered with a ton of small blood vessels called ______, which is where oxygen enters the red blood cells, and _____ is removed via _____.
Capillaries, carbon dioxide, diffusion.
62
True or false: pneumonia is the inflammation of the bronchioles.
False; it’s an inflammation of the alveoli.
63
True or false: the left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung to give the heart space.
True.
64
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
It helps transport oxygen and nutrients around your body. It also helps remove toxins and waste.
65
Which other system does the circulatory system work closely with to circulate oxygenated blood?
The respiratory system
66
The heart is divided into (a number)___ pumps that work together to pump blood though your body.
Two.
67
What are the top chambers of the heart called?
Atria (plural of atrium)
68
What are the bottom chambers of the heart called?
Ventricles.
69
Veins pump blood ____ the heart, while arteries pump blood _____ from the heart.
Towards, away.
70
The right atria and the right ventricle pump _______ blood to the _____ via the ______ artery.
Deoxygenated, lungs, pulmonary
71
The left atria and the left ventricle pump ______ blood from the heart to the ___ __ ____ ____ via the _____.
oxygenated blood, rest of your body, aorta
72
True or false: blood always goes from the atrium to the ventricle.
True.
73
What helps connect your circulatory and respiratory systems?
A series of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
74
In a diagram, which colour represents deoxygenated blood? Which represents oxygenated blood?
```
Red= oxygenated blood
Blue= deoxygenated blood
```
75
What are the parts of the right side of the heart? Hints:
- ____ artery
- superior ____ ____
- pulmonary ____
- tricuspid _____
- ____ atrium
- ____ ventricle
- _____ vena ____
- pulmonary artery
- superior vena cava
- pulmonary valve
- tricuspid valve
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- inferior vena cava
76
What are the parts of the left side of the heart? Hint:
- ______ veins
- ___ atrium
- ___ ventricle
- bicuspid ___
- ____ valve
- a_r_a
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- bicuspid valve
- aortic valve
- aorta
77
What is the purpose of the excretory system?
To remove toxins and waste material from your body.
78
When cells help break down chemical waste, it creates a chemical called _____. Other times cells can produce ____ and ____ which can build up in your body.
Ammonia, water, salts
79
What does a liver do?
It converts ammonia from the blood into a less harmful product called urea.
80
What does a kidney do?
It takes waste such as urea, water, salt, ammonia and filters it into urine.
81
Urine is produced by millions of small structures in the kidney called _____.
NEPHRONS.
82
What are ureters and what do they do? How much liquid can it hold?
Don’t forget to mention the urethra.
They are long tubes that are connected to the bladder. When liquid needs to be excreted, it passes through the urethra and then out of the body. It can hold about 1L of liquid.
83
What is the largest organ of your body?
Your skin.
84
True or false: your skin is semi-permeable (that means that it can allow certain things in and out of it).
True. When we sweat, we release excess salts and waste from our bodies, through our skin.
85
Your nervous system is made up of special tissue called ____ _____.
Nervous tissue
86
Nervous tissue is made up entirely of cells called....
Neurons
87
True or false: your nervous system receives and transmits signals from the brain to the rest of the body.
True.
88
What are dendrites?
Branch-like structures that receive signals.
89
What’s an axon?
A structure that passes signals to the next neuron.
90
Your central nervous system (CNS) is made up of...
The brain and the spinal cord.
91
Your peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of...
The head and spinal nerves.
92
There are two systems in your peripheral nervous system; the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). What do they do?
The SNS is your conscious control; it’s when you decide how your body reacts.
The ANS is your unconscious control; it’s when your body reacts to stimuli without you thinking.
93
What do sensory neurons do?
They carry information from the body to the CNS.
94
What do motor neurons do?
They carry signals from the CNS to the organs and muscles.
95
Reflexes are when....
Neurons respond to stimuli and send a message to your ANS.
96
True or false: the nervous system does not facilitate your senses.
False; it does.
97
Our touch is most sensitive on our ____, ____, and ____.
Fingers, feet, and lips.
98
Explain smallpox— don’t forget to mention the impact it made on vaccination.
It’s a disease that produces a rash and high fever and can cause blindness and death; it was the first disease to be controlled by a vaccine.
99
A vaccine is...
A substance that is taken or injected into an animal or person to produce an immunity to a disease; usually prepared from a mild form of the disease.
100
____ ____ was the first person to identify living micro-organisms.
Louis Pasteur
101
What is pasteurization?
It’s the process of heating food to kill micro-organisms.
102
Asthma is a condition where the ______ become _______ temporarily.
Airways, narrowed
103
Name 4 factors that affect the health of your cells.
* Diseases or conditions inherited from your family.
* Sensitivity to environmental conditions.
* How you respond to physical, emotional, and psychological stress.
* How you treat your body in general.
104
There are over (number)____ different chemicals in a cigarette.
4000
105
What is tar?
A dark, sticky substance that forms as a cigarette burns, settles on the surface of the organs of the respiratory system
106
What is carbon monoxide? How does it affect your body?
A colourless, odourless gas that is released when a cigarette burns. During the gas exchange process this gas attaches to red blood cells quicker than oxygen, which can seriously reduce oxygen to the body.
107
What is nicotine?
A drug that speeds up the heart, and raises the blood pressure. The addictive part of a cigarette.
108
When does bronchitis occur?
Occurs when mucus builds up in the bronchi and causes them to become narrower.
109
When does emphysema occur?
Occurs when the smoke from a cigarette damages lung tissue.
110
What is lung cancer? How many chemicals in a cigarette can cause it?
Lung cancer is a tumour or cancerous growth. 40 chemicals in a cigarette are known to cause it.
111
Name 2 factors that affect the circulatory system.
- Diet
| - Atherosclerosis – the build up of cholesterol in the arteries.
112
What is a factor that can affect the digestive system?
Ulcers – painful sores of the stomach lining.
113
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
It is where ribosomes are found, and it produces protein for the cell.
114
What is active transport?
When particles move from low to high concentration (opposite of diffusion).
115
What are the variations in Darwin’s Finches bill shape?
Based on the shape on the beak it is better specialized to fruit, insects, nuts, etc.
116
Is active transport no energy or energy?
Energy
117
What are the three differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?
Plants have:
- Large central vacuole
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
