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biology 20 > unit c > Flashcards

unit c Flashcards

1
Q

atom

A

the building blocks of matter

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2
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms joined toghether

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3
Q

organelles

A

parts of a cell, structures that are very valuable

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4
Q

cells

A

unit of life

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5
Q

tissue

A

the same kind of cells, working together as a unit

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6
Q

organs

A

self contained part of an organisms, that has a very vital function

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7
Q

systems

A

a group of organs that work together to perform certain functions

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8
Q

organisms

A

individual animal or single celled life form

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9
Q

metabolism

A

process of breaking down chemical bonds

-chemical reactions in cells

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10
Q

catabolic reaction

A

large chemicals broken into smaller ones

-energy is released

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11
Q

anabolic reaction

A

complex chemicals are built from smaller ones

-energy is required

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12
Q

pH is determined by

A

hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a substance

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13
Q

buffers

A

keep things stable, substances that react with acids or bases

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14
Q

inorganic molecule

A

doesn’t have a carbon-oxygen bond

-vitamins, water

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15
Q

organic molecule

A

contains a carbon-hydrogen bond

-proteins, fats

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16
Q

chemicals of life

A

nucliec acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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17
Q

monomers

A

building blocks of polymers

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18
Q

polymer

A

one large molecule > in a long chain

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19
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

when 2 molecules come together water is released

-anabolic reaction

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20
Q

two sugars forming

A

takes energy

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21
Q

seperating two sugars

A

releases energy

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22
Q

hydrolosis

A

polymers broken down into monomers

-water molecule breaks apart the bond between subunits

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23
Q

carbohydrates

A

main energy source, what doesn’t get burned is stored as fat

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24
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugar molecule

-glucose, fructose, galactose

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25
disaccharides
put together by dehydration synthesis (broken down by hydrolysis) -sucrose, lactose, maltose
26
polysaccharides
many monosaccharides put together
27
startch
plant storage | -energy from the sun
28
cellulose
plant structure | -fibre cannot digest
29
glycogen
animal storage of excess glucose | -liver
30
isomer
each of two or more compounds with the same formula
31
biomolecule
carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids
32
lipid
fat | -isolates and is long term energy > fatty acid and glycerol
33
protein
made up of amino acids | -good for muscle, immune system and enzymes
34
nucleic acid
made up of nucelotide | -for our genetic structure
35
state the CHONP of each biomolecule
carb - CHO lipid - CHO protein - CHON nucleic - CHONP
36
protein synethsis
process of creating proteins
37
chaperonins
perceived to assist proteins in folding
38
denaturing of a protein
deisrupts it's shape, allowing it to not function properly
39
coagulation
permanent change to a protein
40
what factors disrupt proteins
pH and temperature
41
four kinds of lipids
triglycerides phospholipids steroids waxes
42
three groups of proteins
amino group carboxyl group R group
43
triglycerides
glycerol and three fatty acids (OH)
44
cholesterol
modfied steroid, part of cell membranes (from an animal)
45
phospholipid
contains a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
46
saturated fatty acid
BAD FATS straight structure, which makes it easy to stack and build up solid at room temperature (butter)
47
unsaturated fatty acid
GOOD FATS double bond > creates a bend -liquid at room temperature (oil)
48
trans fats
making unsaturated fats into saturated fats | -extremely hard to break down, easily creates a build up (unhealthy)
49
hydrophilic
likes water
50
hydrophobic
repels water
51
polypeptides
chain of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds
52
four fold structure
1. order that it's in 2. repeated structure (a fold or helix) 3. length forces to interact with itself (folding up) 4. different proteins interact with each other
53
essential amino acids
body isn't self sufficient, need to get these from foods
54
enzymes
facilitates reactions, helping things bond together
55
vitamins
essential, help enzymes (organic)
56
minerals
essential, calcium and iron
57
enzymes are
proteins
58
what does an enzyme do
lowers the activation energy, making reactions quicker
59
enzyme naming
contains an 'ase' at the end - maltose and maltase - sucrose and sucrase
60
active site
site of reaction | -where the substrate docks
61
substrate
substance changed by enzyme | -can be built or split
62
competitive inhibitors
competition for active sites
63
positive feedback
small effect is amplified | -occurs more quickly, increase change
64
negative feedback
restore conditons to the original state | -something will correct you back (homeostasis)
65
feedback inhibition
can slow or stop regulation depending on the body/cells need | -critical to control waste
66
metabollic pathways
sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions, that lead to the final product
67
allosteric site
seperate from active site, usually found on the 'side'
68
allosteric activity
activiation of an enzyme at an allosteric site
69
cofactor
inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule
70
coenzymes
an organic molecule synthesized (chemically) from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule
71
precursor activity
activation of the last enzyme in a metabollic pathway by the intial substance
72
peptide bond
reaction of a carboxyl group and an amino group | releasing a molecule of water

biology 20 (10 decks)

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