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Biology 20-1 > Unit C Cellular Processes > Flashcards

Unit C Cellular Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell energetics refers to..

A

how cells get their energy.

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2
Q

Metabolism is..

A

All of the chemical reactions that are occurring in cells.

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3
Q

Anabolic Reactions is…

A

the building of complex molecules from simpler ones. Requires energy.

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4
Q

Catabolic Reactions is…

A

the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones. Releases energy.

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5
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores…

A

chemical energy that is released by the oxidation of glucose during the process of cellular respiration.

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6
Q

ATP energy is stored in

A

high energy bonds.

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7
Q

When the bonds of ATP are broken, the energy can…

A

be used by the cell.

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8
Q

Cells use the energy for…

A

all metabolic reactions and life processes in living organisms

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9
Q

The reaction to produce ATP occurs in the:

A

Chloroplasts during photosynthesis
Mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration
Cytoplasm during glycolysis

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10
Q

Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) reactions involve…

A

the transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.

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11
Q

Reduction is the ___ of electrons

A

Gain

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12
Q

Oxidation is the ___ of electrons

A

Loss

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13
Q

Energy is ___ during oxidation reactions.

A

Released

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14
Q

Electrons tend to flow down the….

A

energy gradient

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15
Q

Protein is..

A

organic molecules made of long chains of amino acids. Enzymes are proteins.

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16
Q

Carbohydrates are..

A

sugars; carbohydrates can be simple monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.

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17
Q

Lipids (fats) are..

A

chains of glycerol/fatty acid compounds

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18
Q

DNA is

A

deoxyrybonucleicacids, chains of nucleotides. Controls the activities of the cell.

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19
Q

polymers are..

A

chains of monomers

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20
Q

monomers are..

A

chains of repeating molecules

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21
Q

repeated chains are assembled through the process of

A

dehydration synthesis

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22
Q

reverse of dehydration synthesis is when bonds are broken by…

A

hydrolysis.

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23
Q

Enzymes are..

A

protein molecules that act as catalysts. They can help to put together OR take apart molecules, without being consumed in the reaction.

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24
Q

enzymes have specific..

A

shape that allows them to bind with reactants

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25
Chloroplast is...
a membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis
26
Stroma...
the protein-rich semi-liquid material in the interior of a chloroplast
27
Thylakoid is..
a system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast
28
Grana is...
stacks of thylakoids
29
Lamellae are...
groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana
30
Thylakoid Membrane is..
the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains
31
Thylakoid Lumen is...
the fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid
32
Photosynthesis takes place inside plant cells that are..
green.
33
They appear green because those cells contain..
chloroplasts in their cytoplasm.
34
When photons of light strike a pigment, they can do one of three things:
Reflect Absorb Transmit
35
What happens to the light striking a pigment is determined by two main factors
The wavelength of the light The stereochemistry of the pigment
36
Stereochemistry refers to the...
three dimensional shape of the pigment molecule based on how its atoms bond to each other. The shape determines what light it will absorb, reflect, or transmit!
37
Pigments fall into one of two categories:
Primary or Core Pigments Antenna Pigments
38
Chlorophyll a is the ____ of photosynthesis
core pigment
39
_____ has the ability to absorb light in the blue and red parts of the spectrum, and reflects most of the green wavelengths of light.
chlorophyll
40
____ work to capture energy from wavelengths of light chlorophyll a doesn’t react with. They pass energy onto chlorophyll a so that it loses MORE electrons, thereby allowing the plant to use all of the visible spectrum
Antenna pigments
41
Antenna pigments include: (5)
Chlorophyll b Xanthophylls Carotenes (Carotenoids) Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin
42
Chromatography is.,..
separating molecules that are in a mixture by passing them through a medium in which the molecules move at different rates due to their mass and their stereochemistry
43
pigments in a plant are found in clusters embedded in the
thylakoid membrane
44
pigment clusters embedded in the thylakoid membrane are called..
photosystems
45
Photosystems work in pairs and there are two types in each pair:
Photosystem I (PS1) Photosystem II (PS2)
46
Light Dependent Reactions require...
Requires light Light energy is used to convert ADP to ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH
47
Light Independent Reactions
Does not require light Uses the products of the light dependent reaction (ATP & NADPH) to produce glucose
48
Cytochromes can...
take or pass electrons onto the next cytochrome
49
By pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane, gradients are created called..
Concentration Gradient: Electrostatic Gradient:
50
Concentration Gradient: has..
more H+ on the inside than outside
51
Electrostatic Gradient has ...
inside is slightly more positive than outside in that area
52
The Alberta cirriculum generally goes with the standard __ ATP made from one glucose.
36
53
cells gross ATP is....
38
54
The mitochondrion is an organelle in all
eukaryotic cells
55
Many mitochondria are found in the..
cytoplasm.
56
The Endosymbiotic Theory states that....
the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote).
57
____ is the first part of Cellular Respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm.
glycolysis
58
When glucose enters the cell, the first thing that happens is that it is ____ using two ATP
phosphorylated
59
phosphorylated cells get rearranged and get a new name called...
Fructose
60
glucose gets phosphorylated for two reasons:
to provide energy for the metabolic pathway to start adding phosphates/phosphorylating traps the glucose in the cell
61
When NAD gets hydrogens and electrons, it becomes
NADH
62
When FAD gets hydrogens and electrons, it becomes
FADH
63
For every 1 NADH formed = _ ATP made via Chemiosmosis
3 atp
64
For every 1 FADH formed = _ ATP made via Chemiosmosis
2 atp
65
At the end of Glycolysis, the PGA molecules are converted into molecules of ____ or ______
Pyruvic Acid or Pyruvate
66
reactants>products of glycolysis
Reactants → Products Glucose → 2 pyruvate 2 NAD → 2 NADH 2 ATP → 2 ADP 4 ADP → 4 ATP
67
What is the role of ATP at the start of glycolysis?
Convert glucose to fructose diphosphate
68
I n the transition reaction 3 important things can happen..
More hydrogens and electrons are stripped off the molecule The remaining part of the molecule loses a carbon and two oxygens The leftover 2C molecule is picked up by a coenzyme
69
Krebs cycle is also called the
Citric Acid Cycle
70
Krebs cycle atp count..
Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH’s = 18 ATP 2 FADH’s = 4 ATP 2 ATP direct = 2 ATP
71
the burn in your muscles when you exercise is called...
lactic acid
72
Without oxygen, most cells will start
anaerobic respiration
73
Some simpler organisms (like bacteria and fungi) produce CO2 and Ethanol, This is called...
Fermentation.
74
the correct summary equation of photo synthesis is...
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
75
In a plant cell, the light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the:
Thylakoid Membrane
76
In a plant cell, the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the:
Stroma
77
Which colours of light are absorbed best for photosynthesis?
blue and red
78
Which colour of light is reflected best for photosynthesis?
green
79
The pigment molecules of a chloroplast are located within its:
photosystems in Thylakoid membranes
80
The molecule in the Calvin cycle that combines with carbon dioxide is:
RuBP
81
How many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP
5
82
The function of cellular respiration is to:
Make ATP
83
The term anaerobic means:
Without oxygen
84
Which of the following processes makes direct use of oxygen?
Electron transport chain
85
At the end of the Krebs cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been transferred to:
NADH and FADH
86
In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during:
In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during:
87
Glycolysis takes place in the:
Cytoplasm
88
The Krebs cycle takes place in the:
mitochondrial matrix
89
Within the mitochondria, the proton gradient develops across the:
Intermembrane Space
90
NADPH is
the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions,
91

Biology 20-1 (6 decks)

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