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3. Grade 9: Science in English > Unit C Environmental Chemistry: Section 1.0 > Flashcards

Unit C Environmental Chemistry: Section 1.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Can natural things be harmful to living things?

A

Yes many things like carbon dioxide are harmful but natural

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2
Q

What are elements?

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into anything further

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3
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

The way nitrogen moves through the environment and changes

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4
Q

When can plants use nitrogen?

A

Only when it is paired with other elements such as hydrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

In what compound is nitrogen naturally found in?

A

N₂

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6
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process of changing free nitrogen so that nitrogen atoms can combine with other elements to form compounds that organisms can use

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7
Q

What does most of the nitrogen fixation?

A

Certain types of bacteria in soil located in root nodules

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8
Q

In what kind of plants are root nodules found in?

A

Beans, clover, and alfalfa

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9
Q

What do root nodules do?

A

They separate the nitrogen gas so it is able to pair with other elements such as hydrogen and oxygen for plants

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10
Q

What are the steps in the nitrogen cycle?

A
  1. Nitrogen fixation occurs
  2. Animals then eat the plants
  3. Their bodies use the nitrogen to make more complex substances
  4. Decomposers break down large nitrogen containg molecules in dead organisms and aniimal waste into simpler nitrogen compounds in the soil.
  5. Eventually some are broken down further by ground bacteria
  6. Then nitrogen is released back into the air as free nitrogen
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11
Q

What does the concentration of usable nitrogen in the natural environment depend on?

A

The root nodules, and carrying undissolved nitrogen deep in the soil

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12
Q

If soil lacks nitrogen what do farmers plant?

A

Nitrogen fixing plants

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13
Q

What is pollution?

A

Any change in the environment that produces a condition that is harmful to living things

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14
Q

What are some ways humans change the chemical balances in our environment?

A

Growing crops, solid waste, treating waste water, manufacturing products, and driving vehicles

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15
Q

What is a fertilizer?

A

A substance that enriches soil so plants will grow

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16
Q

What do the 3 numbers on fertilizer mean?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

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17
Q

What does the 4th number on a fertilizer mean?

A

it has sulfur added to it

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18
Q

What are pesticides?

A

Chemicals used to control pests

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19
Q

What is a pest?

A

An organism that harms people, plants, or structures

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20
Q

What do herbicides kill?

A

Weeds

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21
Q

What do insecticides kill?

A

Insects

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22
Q

What do fungicides kill?

A

Fungi

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23
Q

What is not good about pesticides?

A

Some are not selective so they end up killing good organsims

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24
Q

What is solid waste?

A

Garbage that is collected from households, industrial plants, commercial buildings and etc.

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25
Q

What are incinerators?

A

Places that burn solid waste

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26
Q

What are sanitary landfills?

A

Places that are built to prevent fluids from going into the soil

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27
Q

What is sewage?

A

Wastewater containing dissolved and undissolved materials fro your kitchen bathroom, and laundry

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28
Q

Where does sewage go?

A

Through pipes into a septic tank

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29
Q

What is a septic tank?

A

An underground container where bacteria breaks down the organic materials before they are moved out to the soil

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30
Q

What is a sewage treatment plant?

A

Treats waste from homes, businesses, and industries. Might also treat water from street drains

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31
Q

What is effluent?

A

Treated wastewater that is released into rivers or lakes

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32
Q

What are storm sewers?

A

Where rain water goes

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33
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Coal, oil, and natural gas. They are formed from dead plants and animals

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34
Q

Why are fossil fuels called hydrocarbons?

A

Because they are mainly made from hydrogen and carbon

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35
Q

What elements do fossil fuels contain?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur. Sometimes mercury and lead

36
Q

What is produced when hydrocarbons burn?

A

Carbon dioxide, water, energy

37
Q

What is the equation for burning fossil fuels

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

38
Q

What is the equation for burning methane or proprane?

A

Methane/Propane + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water vapour + energy

39
Q

What is sour gas?

A

Natural gas that contains hydrogen sulfide

40
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH lower than 7

41
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH higher than 7

42
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Power of Hydrogen

43
Q

What is the difference between each number on the pH scale?

A

It’s 10 times weaker or stronger

44
Q

What color does blue litmus paper turn in acid?

A

Red

45
Q

What color does red litmus paper turn in a base?

A

Blue

46
Q

What is neutralization?

A

A reaction between an acid and base that produces water and salt

47
Q

How do they neutralize the effects of acid rain?

A

They treat water with lime (Calcium Hydroxide)

48
Q

What is lime?

A

Calcium Hydroxide

49
Q

What are the most important elements your body needs?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

50
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds that contain carbon

51
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds that do not contain carbon

52
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Elements and compounds that organisms need for living, living, growing and reproducing

53
Q

Where do plants obtain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen?

A

From air

54
Q

Where do plants obtain Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium and sulfur?

A

From soil

55
Q

What are macro-nutrients?

A

Nutrients needed in relatively large amounts

56
Q

What are micro-nutrients?

A

Nutrients needed in small amounts

57
Q

What does nitrogen do for plants?

A

Leaf and stem growth

Composition of proteins and clorophyll

58
Q

What does Phosphorus do for plants?

A

Root and flower growth

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

59
Q

What does potassium do for plants?

A

Stimulation of early growth
Starch and protein production and sugar movement
Disease resistance
Chlorophyll production and tuber formation

60
Q

What does magnesium do for plants?

A

Composition of Chlorophyll structure and photosythesis

61
Q

What does calcium do for plants?

A

Cell wall structure

Cell division

62
Q

What does sulfur do for plants?

A

Production of fruits and grains

63
Q

What does nitrogen do for humans?

A

Composition of proteins and nucleic acid found in cells

Growth and repair of tissues

64
Q

What does phosphorus do in humans?

A

Composition of bones, teeth, and DNA

Many metabolic reactions

65
Q

What does potassium do in humans?

A

Muscle contraction and nerve impulses

66
Q

What does magnesium do in the body?

A

Composition of bones and teeth

Absorbtion of calcium and potassium

67
Q

What does calcium do in the body?

A

Composition of bones and teeth
Blood clotting
Muscle and nerve function

68
Q

What does sulfur do in the body?

A

Protein synthesis
Enzyme activation
Detoxification

69
Q

What does optimum amount mean?

A

The amount that provides an organism with the best health

70
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Atoms that form form sugar, starch, cellulose, and glycogen

71
Q

What is glucose?

A

A simple made by plants during photosythesis

72
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats, oils, and waxes.

73
Q

What is fat molecule made of?

A

Three chains of fatty acid connected to one molecule of glycerol

74
Q

What are proteins and amino acids?

A

Food such as meat, fish or eggs.

75
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

Growth and repair

76
Q

What is a protein?

A

an organic compound made of amino acids

77
Q

What do all cells contain?

A

DNA and RNA

78
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

The largest and most complicated molecules found in living things

79
Q

What are the nucleic acids called?

A

DNA & RNA

80
Q

What is passive uptake?

A

When there is no energy needed to take in nutrients

81
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

82
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

83
Q

What is active transport?

A

When plants use energy to move molecules of nutrients in direction opposite of diffusion

84
Q

What is the process of taking food into our bodies called?

A

Ingestion

85
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breakdown or digestion of large organic molecules

86
Q

What does it mean to be hydrolyzed?

A

A substance broken down by hydrolysis

87
Q

What is a substrate?

A

a material on which an organism moves or lives

3. Grade 9: Science in English (20 decks)

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