Unit-Chapt 12

Question 1

Globalization

Answer 1

the social processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across nation-states.

Question 2

Cultural Hybridization

Answer 2

the production of ideas, objects, practices, and bodies influenced by two or more cultures.

Question 3

Transnational Organizations

Answer 3

Organizations that operate in more than one country.

Question 4

Transnational Corporations

Answer 4

Corporations that do business in multiple countries.

Question 5

Transnational Governmental Organizations

Answer 5

the Unites Nations (193 members) and the European Union (27 members).

Question 6

Transnational Non-Governmental Organizations

Answer 6

associations with charitable goals (the Red Cross), ones dedicate to social justice (Amnesty International), professional organizations (the International Council of Nurses), and interest organizations (the International Quidditch Association).

Question 7

Colonialism

Answer 7

a practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain.

Question 8

Global Commodity Chains

Answer 8

a transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distributing them to consumers.

Question 9

Global Cities

Answer 9

urban areas that act as key hubs in the world economy.

Question 10

Nation State System

Answer 10

one consisting only of sovereign, self-contained territories.

Question 11

World System

Answer 11

one characterized by a global market organized by a capitalist economy.

Question 12

Global Slave Trade

Answer 12

the practice of kidnapping human beings, transporting them around the world, and selling them for profit.

Question 13

Global Inequality

Answer 13

a relatively stable system of world social stratification characterized by a mix of poor, rich, and middle-income countries.

Question 14

Global Power Elite

Answer 14

a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in globally important social institutions.

Question 15

Global Stratification

Answer 15

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world’s nations. There is an extreme difference between the richest and poorest nations.

Question 16

Sustainability

Answer 16

the ability to maintain or support a process continuously over time.

Question 17

Alienation

Answer 17

a feeling of dissatisfaction or disconnect from the fruits of labor.

Question 18

Anthropocene

Answer 18

a period in which human activities are changing the earth’s geology.

Question 19

Anthropogenic

Answer 19

human-caused climate change.

Question 20

Institutional Global Environmental Racism

Answer 20

those least responsible for the green gases – disproportionately poor, previously colonized, non-White, and indigenous – will pay the steepest price.

Question 21

Greening Households

Answer 21

recycling, designing sustainable diets, choosing local produce, and reducing home energy use.

Question 22

Global Imagined Community

Answer 22

a socially constructed in-group based on a shared planet.

Question 23

Glocal

Answer 23

both global and local.

Question 24

Transnational Social Movement

Answer 24

Social movements that coordinate activism across more than one country.

Question 25

Repertoir of Contention

Answer 25

shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions.

Question 26

Moral Entrepreneurs

Answer 26

activists who attempt to reshape our understanding of right and wrong.

Question 27

Risk Society

Answer 27

one organized around the self-conscious production, distribution, and management of risk.

Question 28

The Foundations of Capitalism

Answer 28

a book (1959) by Oliver C. Cox concluding that racism in the United States could only be understood if we acknowledge its origin in a world economic system.

Question 29

Core Country

Answer 29

countries with the highest levels of economic power.

Question 30

Semi-peripheral Country

Answer 30

middle-income countries.

Question 31

Peripheral Country

Answer 31

refers to countries that have low levels of economic development.

Question 32

Case Study: Big Oil and the people of Guyana

Answer 32

ExxonMobil a company descendant of Standard Oil by John D. Rockefeller found the largest oil reserves in the world off the coast of Guyana. Guyana made a deal which allows the company to recover 100 percent of its investment and operating costs. It then splits the remaining revenue roughly 50-50. Guyana pays ExxonMobil’s taxes.

Question 33

World in the Making

Answer 33

a book that described a coming atmospheric “hot-house.”

Question 34

Anomie

Answer 34

a deeply uncomfortable sense that what used to matter doesn’t matter anymore.