UNIT D - Digestive System

Question 1

What is the function of the salivary glands?

Answer 1

Secrete starch digesting enzymes (salivary amylase)

Question 2

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 2

Manufactures bile, facilitating the digestion of fats

Question 3

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 3

Stores bile until needed

Question 4

What is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 4

Absorbs water and salts, passes remaining undigested material and some water out of the body

Question 5

What is the function of the rectum?

Answer 5

Stores waste prior to elimination

Question 6

What is the function of the esophagus?

Answer 6

Directs food from mouth to stomach

Question 7

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 7

Adds acids, enzymes, and fluid. Churns, mixes, and grinds food to a liquid mass (chyme)

Question 8

What is the function of the pancreas?

Answer 8

Manufactures enzymes to digest macromolecules, secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid entering the small intestine

Question 9

What is the function of the small intestine?

Answer 9

Secretes enzymes that digest macromolecules, absorbs hydrolyzed molecules (monomers) into bloodstream

Question 10

What are the four main functions of the digestive tract?

Answer 10

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

Question 11

What two kinds of digestion are there?

Answer 11

Physical/mechanical, chemical

Question 12

How does mechanical digestion aid chemical digestion?

Answer 12

Increases the surface area of the substrate, increases rx rate

Question 13

What enzyme appears in the mouth and what is its function?

Answer 13

Salivary amylase, pH 7. Breaks down polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) into disaccharides

Question 14

What substance is created by the mix of food and saliva?

Answer 14

Bolus

Question 15

What flap covers the trachea as food moves towards the esophagus?

Answer 15

The epiglottis

Question 16

How is the bolus moved from mouth to stomach in the esophagus?

Answer 16

Peristalsis and gravity

Question 17

What limits food’s exit from the stomach, and allows all into the stomach?

Answer 17

The esophageal sphincter

Question 18

What are the three major functions of the stomach?

Answer 18

Storage, digestion, pushing food into the small intestine

Question 19

What is the volume capacity of the stomach?

Answer 19

2-4 litres

Question 20

What does the bolus turn into after being mixed with gastric juice?

Answer 20

Chyme

Question 21

What kinds of digestion occurs in the stomach?

Answer 21

Mechanical (peristalsis, churning) and chemical (proteins by gastric juice)

Question 22

What is gastric juice made up of?

Answer 22

pH 1-2, hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsin, mucous

Question 23

What enzyme is secreted in the stomach? How does it work with HCl?

Answer 23

Pepsin, pH 2. Activated by the presence of HCl. HCl denatures proteins and exposes peptide bonds for pepsin to break

Question 24

Absorption in the stomach?

Answer 24

No macronutrient absorption, but some for alcohol and medication

Question 25

How long does it take chyme to move from the stomach to the small intestine?

Answer 25

2-6 hours

Question 26

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 26

Controls the exit of the stomach’s contents into the small intestine

Question 27

What is the main function of the small intestine?

Answer 27

Complete digestion of macromolecules and absorption of monomers

Question 28

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine, in order?

Answer 28

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 29

What are small intestine villi?

Answer 29

Finger like projections on the circular ridges on the surface of the small intestine. Each villi is extended with microvilli

Question 30

Villi function to…

Answer 30

Increase the surface area for greater absorption

Question 31

What is included in each villus?

Answer 31

Capillary networks and lymph vessels

Question 32

What is segmentation?

Answer 32

Mechanical digestion inside the small intestine, where chyme sloshes back and forth

Question 33

What is the duodenum?

Answer 33

The first, small u-shaped portion of the small intestine. Channels from liver and pancreas that aid in chemical digestion

Question 34

The part of the small intestine with the most digestion - what helps this?

Answer 34

Jejunum. More folds and more secretory glands

Question 35

What does the ileum do?

Answer 35

Fewer villi, absorbs remaining nutrients and pushes undigested material into large intestine

Question 36

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Answer 36

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 37

What molecules are contained in pancreatic fluid?

Answer 37

Bicarbonate, and enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin (proteases), pancreatic amylase, lipase

Question 38

What does bicarbonate secretion accomplish?

Answer 38

Neutralization of stomach acid

Question 39

What are the two parts of what the liver secretes? What are their functions?

Answer 39

Bile pigments (for circulatory waste), bile salts (suspend fats in chyme for easier digestion by lipase)

Question 40

The digestion of nucleic acids begins in the ___________ by enzymes called __________, breaking them down into ___________

Answer 40

Small intestine, nucleases, nucleotides

Question 41

What enzyme breaks nucleotides down into a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base?

Answer 41

nucleosidases

Question 42

Disease/disorder of the esophagus?

Answer 42

Esophageal cancer - pain/struggle swallowing

Question 43

Disease/disorder of the stomach?

Answer 43

Ulcers - open sores in the stomach caused by bacteria

Question 44

Diseases/disorders of the liver?

Answer 44

Hepatitis - inflammation of the liver Cirrhosis - chronic disease in which scar tissue replaces healthy tissue and the liver can no longer regenerate itself

Question 45

Disease/disorder of the gallbladder?

Answer 45

Gallstones - small hard masses, made of cholesterol and bile, formed and stuck in the gallbladder

Question 46

Diseases/disorders of the large intestine?

Answer 46

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn's - autoimmune, cells attacked in colon. No cure Colitis - cells just keep dying in the innermost lining