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Biology 20 > Unit D: Human Systems > Flashcards

Unit D: Human Systems Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Carbohydrate

A

a molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

Polymer

A

a molecule composed of three or more subunits

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

a single sugar unit

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

a sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits

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5
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

the process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

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7
Q

Polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits

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8
Q

Starch

A

a plant carbohydrate used to store energy

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

the form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

a plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

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11
Q

Triglyceride

A

a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

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12
Q

Protein

A

a chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of the cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

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13
Q

Amino Acid

A

a chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

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14
Q

Peptide Bond

A

the bond that joins amino acids

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15
Q

Polypeptide

A

a chain of three or more amino acids

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16
Q

Denaturation

A

the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape

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17
Q

Coagulation

A

that process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape

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18
Q

Catalyst

A

a chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

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19
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures

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20
Q

Substrate

A

a molecule in which an enzyme works

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21
Q

Active Site

A

the area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

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22
Q

Cofactor

A

an inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

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23
Q

Coenzyme

A

an organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule

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24
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

a molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions

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25
Precursor Activity
the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate
26
Allosteric Activity
a change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule
27
Amylase
an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates
28
Peristalsis
rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract
29
Sphincter
a constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tube-like structure
30
Mucus
a protective lubricating substance composed mostly of protein
31
Pepsin
a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach
32
Ulcer
a lesion on the surface of an organ
33
Duodenum
the first segment of the small intestine
34
Villi
small, finger-like projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption
35
Microvilli
microscopic, finger-like projections of the cell membrane
36
Capillary
a blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange
37
Lacteal
a small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system
38
Secretin
a hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions
39
Enterokinase
an enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin
40
Trypsin
a protein-digesting enzyme
41
Lipase
a lipid-digesting enzyme
42
Bile Salt
a component of bile that breaks down large fat globules
43
Detoxify
to remove the effects of a poison
44
Gallstone
crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder
45
Jaundice
the yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood
46
Cirrhosis
chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by growth of non-functioning fibrous tissue
47
Colon
the largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs
48
Cilia
tiny hair-like structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris
49
Pleural Membrane
a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity
50
Hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells
51
Oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin that is bond to oxygen
52
Carbonic Anhydrase
an enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid
53
Buffer
a substance capable of neutralizing acids and bases, thus maintaining the original pH of the solution
54
Chemoreceptor
a specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals
55
Flexor
the muscle that must contract to bend a joint
56
Extensor
the muscle that must contract to straighten a joint
57
Tendon
a band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
58
Pulse
change in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions
59
Vasoconstriction
the narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues
60
Vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues
61
Aneurysm
a bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery
62
Pulmonary Circulatory System
the system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
63
Systemic Circulatory System
the system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
64
Diastole
relaxation (dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fill with blood
65
Systole
contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart
66
Leukocyte
a white blood cell
67
Erythrocyte
a red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
68
Platelet
a component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting
69
Antigen
a substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody
70
Antibody
a protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen
71
T Cell
a lymphocyte that identifies and attacks foreign substances
72
B Cell
a lymphocyte that produces antibodies
73
Helper T Cell
a T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens
74
Killer T Cell
a T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes
75
Suppressor T Cell
a T cell that turns off the immune system
76
Memory B Cell
a B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen
77
Nephron
a functional unit of the kidney

Biology 20 (5 decks)

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