UNIT D1 FLASHCARDS: Digestion, Respiration, Muscle

Question 1

Peristalsis

Answer 1

The movement
of food through
the entire
digestive tract is
achieved
through the
rhythmic
contractions of
muscle lining the
entire alimentary
canal.

Question 1

Digestion

Answer 1

The chemical breakdown of organic molecules into smaller
complexes.

Question 2

Absorption

Answer 2

The movement of digested nutrients to the tissues of the body

Question 3

Alimentary canal

Answer 3

The digestive tract. An open-ended muscular tube that
measures between 6.5 – 9 meters in length. includes stomach, small and large intestine.

Question 4

Mastication

Answer 4

-Chewing reduces the size of food particles and increases
the surface area.
-This chewed paste is called a bolus.

Question 5

Saliva

Answer 5

-A combination of water, mucin and amylase
-Secreted by the salivary glands (pH of 6.4).
-This activates taste buds and lubricates the passage of food.

Question 6

Amylase

Answer 6

• An enzyme that breaks down starch into dextrin (6 – 8
  glucose units) and maltose (2 glucose units).

Question 7

Cardiac sphincter

Answer 7

-Regulates the movement of food from the esophagus
into the stomach. open and closing door for food to enter stomach from esophagus.

Question 8

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 8

-Regulates the passage of food from the stomach into
the duodenum. open and closing door for food to enter small intestine from stomach.

Question 9

Pepsinogen

Answer 9

-The active enzyme for pepsinogen is pepsin.
-Pepsin degrades protiens in to small parts called peptides.

Question 10

HCl

Answer 10

-An acid secreted by the parietal cells as H+ and Cl- and
acts as an acid only when combined in the stomach cavity
(lumen).
-This activates Pepsinogen and helps break protein
hydrogen bonds.

Question 11

Rennin (chymosin)

Answer 11

-An enzyme that coagulates
milk so that we can properly digest the milk in a curdeled form
-prodcued only in infants

Question 12

Mucin

Answer 12

-A bicarbonate rich watery
substance containing
glycoproteins.
-This protects the stomach
lining from digestion!

Question 13

Hormones

Answer 13

Proteins that enter the blood stream and trigger the
actions of other body structures

Question 14

Gastrin

Answer 14

-A hormone triggered by the presence of proteins in the
stomach and stomach distension (filling).
-It targets the stomach wall and causes the release of
gastric secretions.

Question 15

The Pancreas

Answer 15

An organ connected to
the duodenum by the
pancreatic duct. The
secretion of enzymes that
help digest chyme (partly digested food).

Question 16

The Liver

Answer 16

A large organ that detoxifies
chemicals, breaks down old
red blood cells and produces
bile. An emulsifier that helps to
increase the surface area of
lipids. This does not
chemically digest lipids

Question 17

The Gallbladder

Answer 17

a small muscular sac that
stores biletha was produced by liver. The gallbladder
empties bile into the
common bile duct. the common blie duct leads to the doudenum.

Question 18

The Small Intestine

Answer 18

The
absorption of all chemically
digested foods:
Monosaccharides, amino
acids and triglycerides.
An organ located between
the stomach and the large
intestine.

Question 19

Glucose and Amino
Acids

Answer 19

Actively transport across
the intestinal wall into the
bloodstream.

Question 20

Glycerol and fatty
acids

Answer 20

Passively diffused into the
lymph vessels for
eventual transport into
the bloodstream.

Question 21

The Large Intestine (colon)

Answer 21

Water
absorption,
Waste storage
Storage of
bacteria
Production of
some vitamins

Question 22

Complex carbohydrates

Answer 22

long chains of glucose that are
linear and branched (starch) or

only branched (glycogen-
stored form of glucose in

animals)

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

A complex plant carbohydrate composed of
glucose subunits. Humans cannot break the
glucose to glucose bonds. The enzyme
cellulase is required.

Question 24

Proteins

Answer 24

long chains of amino acids

Question 25

Polypeptides

Answer 25

medium lengths of amino acids, aka smaller protiens

Question 26

Amino acids

Answer 26

single molecule units containing nitrogen.

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

fatty acids joined to glycerol

Question 28

Bile

Answer 28

comes from the liver, is stored in the gallbladder. aid digestion in fats

Question 29

Lipases

Answer 29

enzymes that chemically breakdown lipids into glycerol and 3 fatty acids madein salivary glands and stomach.

Question 30

Protein Structure

Answer 30

Primary structures are held together by peptide bonds. Secondary structures form sheets or helixs held together by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structures are held together by hydrogen, sulphur or other non-covalent bonds Quaternary structures are also held together by hydrogen, sulphurs or other non-covalent bonds.

Question 31

Respiration

Answer 31

The process by which O2 is supplied to cells and CO2 is removed from cells.

Question 32

Breathing

Answer 32

- Bones and muscles, controlled by nerves, bringing large volumes of O2 rich air into the lungs and remove CO2 rich air from the lungs.

Question 33

Diffusion

Answer 33

- Lungs provide a thin surface of tissue through which O2 and CO2 can pass. - This process is defined as a gas exchange.

Question 34

Pharynx

Answer 34

- A passage for both food and air

Question 35

Larynx

Answer 35

- The voice box (Adam’s apple) that opens to let air pass into the trachea.

Question 36

Trachea

Answer 36

- The ‘windpipe’ held open by rings of cartilage. - The epiglottis prevents food from passing down.

Question 37

Bronchi (plural)

Answer 37

- The trachea branches into 2 tubes called bronchus tubes.

Question 38

Lungs

Answer 38

- Expandable organs in the chest cavity. - The site where gas exchange takes place.

Question 39

Pleural Membrane

Answer 39

- Thin membranes lining the ribcage and lungs. - The pleural space between membranes contains fluids to reduce friction. - This space also produces a suction that pulls helps to expand the lungs as the rib cage expands.

Question 40

Bronchioles

Answer 40

- Smaller tubes branching off of the bronchus.

Question 41

Alveoli

Answer 41

-Small moist sacs located at the end of each bronchiole measuring 0.1 mm in diameter. -They are round to maximize their surface area. -This allows for the exchange of gases across their one cell thick membranes. -They must be moist to allow for the diffusion of gases.

Question 42

Muscle Function

Answer 42

Muscle can only contract. It cannot push

Question 43

Antagonistic Muscles

Answer 43

Muscles are usually arranged in pairs. This allows for movement in more than one direction (push and pull) antagonist relaxes, agonist contracts

Question 44

Tendon

Answer 44

Collagen protein that joins muscle to bone.

Question 45

Ligaments

Answer 45

Collagen protein joining bone to bone

Question 46

Myofilaments

Answer 46

individual actin and myosin proteins

Question 47

Myofibril

Answer 47

segments of sarcomeres joined end to end

Question 48

Muscle fiber

Answer 48

bundles of myofibirils enclosed in a muscle fiber membrane

Question 49

Tropomyosin

Answer 49

Long protein strands that prevent myosin heads from making contact with binding sites. The Role of Calcium Ions in Contraction The dad whos protecting the daughter, likes calcium

Question 50

Troponin

Answer 50

Proteins attached to tropomyosin. These are the binding sites for calcium. the mom thats in the upstairs (above the dad)

Question 51

Calcium

Answer 51

Calcium binds to troponin which is attached to tropomyosin. This creates a complex which exposes myosin binding sites the langerie that goes away after the mom and dad bang

Question 52

3 ways that the body gets ATP

Answer 52

1. Creatine Phosphate Breakdown - Provides a phosphate to ADP to form ATP. 2. Aerobic Cellular Respiration - The mitochondria produces 36 ATP from each molecule of glucose. 3. fermentation - Provides small amounts of ATP (2) if the environment is low in oxygen. -Lactic acid is produced within muscle during this process.

Question 53

Smooth Muscles

Answer 53

Walls of blood vessels, digestive tract and other internal organs, the iris. contract involuntarily. Long, tapered, arranged in sheets, non-striated, one nucleus per cell.

Question 54

Cardiac Muscles

Answer 54

Located in the heart, move involuntarily. Tubular, arranged in a branched network, striated, one nucleus per cell.