UNIT EXAM 2 Flashcards by Ralph Pabroa

Lymphocytosis; high protein; low glucose; cryotococcal antigen (+)
A. Bacterial meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
B. Viral meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis

C. Fungal meningitis

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At what pH can the sediments be best preserved in the urine?
A. Acidic
B. Alkaline
C. Neutral
D. Any pH

A. acidic

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Lymphocytosis; high protein; low glucose <45mg/dl; pellicle formation (+)
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. Viral meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis

D. Tubercular meningitis

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Which of the following sediment findings is NORMAL
A. Presence of waxy casts
B. Presence of tissue fragments
C. Presence of atypical mononuclears
D. Presence of few dysmorphic eryhtrocytes

C. Presence of a typical mononuclears

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What color is NOT associated with a xanthochromic CSF?
A. Red
B. Yellow-green
C. Brown
D. Orange

C. Brown

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Sternheimer-Malbin is used in which of the following:
A. Stone analysis
B. Staining of urine sediments
C. Visualization of genitourinary tract
D. Urine protein determination

B. Staining of urine sediments

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Which normal epithelial cell is commonly interfering when doing urine sediment examination?
A. Squamous
B. Transitional
C. Renal tubular
D. Urothelial

A. Squamous

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Which of the following is the unique characteristics of Calcium oxalate?
A. Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval
B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms
C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections
D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours

B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms

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What do you call a hyaline cast with a tapering end?
A. Mucus thread
B. Cylindroid
C. Renal fiber
D. Waxy cast

B. Cylindroid

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What is tested on the CSF whereby the color of CSF is compared to distilled water using a white background after the sample is centrifuged.
A. Menigitis
B. Xanthochromia
C. Hemorrhage
D. Hyperbilirubinemia

B. Xanthochromia

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What disorder is the cause of xanthochromia?
A. Meningeal abscess
B. Subdural hemorrhage
C. Polyneuritis
D. Meningitis

B. Subdural hemorrhage

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Which of the following is TRUE about squamous epithelial cells
A. It originated from the distal 1/3 of the urethra
B. It originated from the PCT and DCT
C. It originated from the bleeding of glomerulus
D. It originated from the bladder of transitional carcinoma patients

A. It originated from the distal 1/3 of the urethra

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Squamous epithelial cells are
A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm
B. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated
C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm
D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus

C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm

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What is the most important indication for CSF collection?
A. Infectious meningitis
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Polyneutritis
D. Alzheimer’s disease

A. Infectious meningitis

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Glomerular bleeding can be diagnosed by seeing under the microscope RBCs which vary in size, have bizarre shapes or are fragmented that is termed
as___________RBCs
A. Crenated
B. Dysmorphic
C. Anisotropic
D. Dismorphic

B. Dysmorphic

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Intact transitional epithelial cells are from
A. the PCT and DCT
B. the bleeding of glomerulus
C. the distal 1/3 of the urethra
D. the renal pelvis to the proximal 2/3 of urethra

D. the renal pelvis to the proximal 2/3 of urethra

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Fragmented urothelial cells are
A. from the distal 1/3 of the urethra
B. from the bladder of transitional carcinoma patients
C. from the bleeding of glomerulus
D. from the PCT and DCT

B. from the bladder of transitional carcinoma patients

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Which following is the unique characteristic of renal epithelial cells?
A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm
B. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated
C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm
D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus

A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm

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Because formed elements tend to settle in urine, one should do which of the following before starting routine urinalysis?
A. shake vigorously the urine sample
B. centrifuge the urine sample
C. mix thoroughly the urine specimen
D. proceed with macroscopic exam immediately

C. mix thoroughly the urine specimen

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What renal disorder is characterized by detection of fat droplets, oval fat bodies and fatty acids?
A. Pyelonephritis
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Acute tubular necrosis

C. Nephrotic syndrome

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Dysmorphic RBCs are from
A. the bleeding of glomerulus
B. the distal 1/3 of the urethra
C. the PCT and DCT
D. the renal pelvis to the proximal 2/3 of urethra

A. the bleeding of glomerulus

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Which method of examining sediments in urine is best in identifying mucus, hyaline casts and platelets?
A. Brightfield microscopy
B. Darkfield microscopy
C. Phase-contrast microscopy
D. Polarizing microscopy

C. Phase-contrast microscopy

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Which test is the most important in diagnosing multiple sclerosis?
A. Protein test
B. Bacterial culture
C. Immunoassay
D. Cell count

A. Protein test

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What CNS disease is associated with F2-isoprostanes?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Behcet’s syndrome
D. Creutzfeldt-Jakob

B. Alzheimer’s disease

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What might cause the urine to be smoky in appearance? A. PMN B. Erythrocytes C. Bacteriuria D. Cylindruria

B. Erythrocytes

Which specific protein is the most abundant in normal CSF? A. Albumin B. Prealbumin C. Transferrin D. Immunoglobulin G

A. Albumin

7-9um; distorted cells of varied shapes; not nucleated A. Squamous epithelial cells B. Transitional epithelial cell C. Renal epithelial cells D. Dysmorphic RBCs

D. Dysmorphic RBCs

Neutrophilia, markedly high protein; glucose <40mg/dl; high opening pressure A. Bacterial meningitis B. Viral meningitis C. Fungal meningitis D. Tubercular meningitis

A. Bacterial meningitis

What is the constant finding when urinary stones are present in the genitourinary tract? A. Hemoglobinuria B. Hemosiderinuria C. Hematuria D. Proteinuria

A. Hemoglobinuria

In urine sediment examination, which elements are reported per high power field? A. RBCs B. WBCs C. Casts D. Both A and B

D. Both A and B

Which of the following is NOT detected using the dipstick? A. Blood B. Crystals C. Leukocytes D. Bacteria

B. Crystals

Which of the following is always present and reliable indicators of renal disease? A. Hematuria and Pyuria B. Oil droplets and Moderate Bacteria C. Proteinuria and Cylindruria D. Plenty epithelial cells and Cloudy character

C. Proteinuria and Cylindruria

The procedure of wet urinalysis starts with the A. urine collection and transport C. B. sample identification C. sediment assessment D.chemical testing

B. sample identification

Clot formation will interfere with which of the following tests? A. Differential count B. Protein test C.Glucose test D.Culture

A. Differential count

Which crystal description is found in normal alkaline urine? A. envelope crystal B. coffin lid crystal C. whetstone crystal D. wheat sheaves

B. coffin lid crystal

The urine volume needed in sediment examination is at least 10-15 ml. The most common reason why it CANNOT be satisfied is when the patient A. is a pediatric patient B. has a polyuria due to diabetes C. has glomerulonephritis D. is having anuria

D. is having anuria

Which CNS disorder is NOT characterized by eosinophilia? A. Bacterial meningitis B. Fungal meningitis C. Parasitic infection D. Acute polyneuritis

A. Bacterial meningitis

What is the most reliable method for differential cell counts in CSF? A. Filtration B. Direct smear C. Cytocentrifuge D. Flow cytometer

C. Cytocentrifuge

Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval is the unique characteristic of? * A. Uric Acid crystal B. Calcium carbonate C. Calcium oxalate D. Ammonium biurate

A. Uric Acid crystal

Which aminoaciduria causes a caramelized odor in urine? A. PKU B. Tyrosinuria C. MSUD D. Alkaptonuria

C. MSUD

What is the usual time and relative centrifugal force for centrifugation of urine specimens? A. 5 minutes at 450g B. 15 minutes at 450g C. 10 minutes at 540g D. 5 minutes at 550g

A. 5 minutes at 450g

Which is TRUE regarding transitional epithelial cells (intact) A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm B. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus

D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus

What substance in CSF is measured using turbidimetric method with trichloroacetic acid or SSA? A. Glucose B. Lactate C. Total protein D. Chloride

C. Total protein

What WBC is the most abundant in a normal CSF in adult? A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocyte C. Monocyte D. Plasma cell

B. Lymphocyte

Which of the following is NOT characterized by decreased CSF pressure? A. Obesity B. Dehydration C. Circulatory collapse D. CSF leakage

A. Obesity

When sediment structures have similar refractive index with the urine, they are best seen A. using subdued illumination B. using very bright illumination C. using bright illumination D. any of the aforementioned

A. using subdued illumination

All cylindrical structures called casts have characteristic A. Hyaline form & inclusions B. Regular shape & pointed ends C. Parallel sides & rounded ends D. Low refractive index & blunt ends

C.Parallel sides & rounded ends

Which of the following cells originated from PCT and DCT? A. Squamous epithelial cells B. Transitional epithelial cells C. Renal epithelial cells D. Dysmosrphic RBCs

C. Renal epithelial cells

Which of the following will NOT cause turbidity in CSF? A. High glucose B. High protein C. Presence of fat D. High cell counts

A. High glucose

Which of the following is the unique characteristics of Calcium carbonate? A. Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours

D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours

Associated with HIV infect; spirochetal meningitis A. Bacterial meningitis B. Fungal meningitis C. Tubercular meningitis D. Syphilitic meningitis

D. Syphilitic meningitis

What is the presence of casts in urine called? A. Casturia B. Cylinduria C. Proteinuria D. Cylindruria

D. Cylindruria

Which substance CANNOT diffuse freely via blood-brain barrier A. Protein B. Glucose C. Urea D. Creatinine

A. Protein

Lymphocytosis; normal opening pressure, glucose and lactate; (+) RT-PCR testing is the characteristic of? A. Bacterial meningitis B. Viral meningitis C. Fungal meningitis D. Tubercular meningitis

B. Viral meningitis

The microscopic evaluation of this sediment structure in urine requires 10 low power fields A. Hyaline casts B. WBCs C. RBCs D. Squamous epithelial cells

A. Hyaline casts

Why should a CSF cell count be performed not after 30 minutes to 1 hour after collection? A. the cells will aggregate B. the cells will change form C. the cell will lyse D. contaminants will appear

C. the cell will lyse

Gram stain is beneficial in establishing which CNS disorder? A. Viral meningitis B. Fungal meningitis C. Bacterial meningitis D. Tubercular meningitis

C. Bacterial meningitis

Which variable is NOT related or important to urine sediment examination? A. Urine volume that is centrifuged B. Amount of sediment examined C. Time and speed of centrifugation D. Urine specific gravity and osmolality

D. Urine specific gravity and osmolality

Urine sediments are also interchangeably termed A. Total solids B. Formed elements C. Renal deposits D. Urine structures

B. Formed elements

Which CSF substance is 60% of the same substance in plasma? A. Total protein B. Lactate C. Glucose D. Albumin

C. Glucose

Which of the following urine sediment examination findings is NOT normal? A. 0-5 WBCs/hpf B. 0-2 RBCs/hpf C. 0-2 hyaline casts/lpf D. 0-2 renal cells/hpf

D. 0-2 renal cells/hpf

Which of the following is the unique characteristics of Ammonium biurate? A. Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours

C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections

Cells from the collecting ducts are A. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus B. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm C. 12-20um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus D. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated

C. 12-20um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus

What is the principal WBC that is found in pyuria? A. Neutrophils B. Eosinophils C. Plasma cells D. Mononuclears

A. Neutrophils

What is the reference range for CSF total protein? A. 15-45 g/dl B. 20-40 g/dl C. 15-45 mg/dl D. 15-45 mg/L

C. 15-45 mg/dl