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Embryology > Unit II > Flashcards

Unit II Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Pregnancy hormone used for detection and maintenance

gives nutrition with break down of endometrium

maintains corpus luteum along with progesterone

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2
Q

Layers of the Bilaminar Disc

A

Epiblast and Hypoblast

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3
Q

Epiblast

A

columnar cell layer facing cytotrophoblast

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4
Q

Hypoblast

A

cuboidal cell layer facing blastocyst cavity

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5
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

a space filled with fluid between the epiblast and cytotrophoblast

area enlarges as embryo folds and surrounds the embryo along with the amniotic fluid

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6
Q

Amnioblasts

A

cells formed from cytotrophoblast

Line upper region of amniotic cavity

they produced amniotic fluid

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7
Q

Primary Umbilical Vesicle (yolk sac)

A

Beneath the hypoblast layer the space becomes the exocoelomic cavity

Hypoblast cells line area with a thin exocoelomic membrane to become yolk sac

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8
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm

A

a layer of connective tissue develops from the vesicle and surrounds amnion and yolk sac

it expands and develops and fills with fluid developing the extraembryonic coelom

in the process the primary umbilical vesicle disappears and the 2ndary vesicle develops

becomes the chorionic cavity

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9
Q

Syntophoblasts

A

grow and proliferate around blastocyst

begins making spaces and lacunae

lacunae fill with maternal blood and starts utero-placenta circulation

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10
Q

Maternal blood lacunae (sinuses)

A

flow into syntrophoblastic lacunae on 12th day beginning the uteroplacental circulation

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11
Q

Decidual reaction

A

Physical reaction: as conceptus (blastocyst) implants endometrial cells transform glycogen and lipids for nutrition for early embryo

Immunologicial reaction: endometrial C.T. cells accumulate glycogen and lipids in a site for conceptus

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12
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of trilaminar disc from bilaminar disc

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13
Q

Morphogenisis

A

gastrulation marks beginning of morphogensis

embryo=gastrula

bone morphogenetic proteins, Shh, Tgifs, and Wnts are genes that play a role

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14
Q

Epiblast cells on 15th day

A

becomes a thick band caudally in midline of disc

cells proliferate and converge on disc towards midline

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15
Q

Primitive steak, groove, node, and pit

A

epiblast cells form narrow streak running down disc

in the middle of streak a groove forms

at the end of the groove forms a pit

these all sit inside the node

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16
Q

Migration of epiblast cells

A

some move to top of layer=ectoderm

some move and develop middle layer=mesoderm

some move and develop a lower layer=endoderm

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17
Q

Prechordal Plate

A

an area of development for the future mouth (cranial end)

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18
Q

Cloacal plate and membrane

A

future anus, urinary, and gential tracts (caudal end)

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19
Q

Cardiogenic area

A

future area of heart

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20
Q

Primitive mouth-gut-rectal sytem

A

formed by a tube between the prechoral plate and cloacal plate

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21
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

tumor commonly formed in newborns as a result of remains of the primitive streak and it being pluirpotent (stem cells)

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22
Q

Notochord

A

mesoderm migrates cranially from primitive node to create a midline cord of cells

is support for growing embryo

inducts the nerual plate and vertbrae

disappears when vertebrae form

partially remains as the nucleus pulposus

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23
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

fills inner most portion of vertebrae

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24
Q

Primitive cardiovascular system

A

forms at the end of 2nd week

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25
vasculogensis
formation of vascular channels
26
angiogenisis
formation of vessels
27
primary chorionic villi
has a core of cytotrophoblasts covered by syntrophoblasts
28
secondary chorionic villi
mesodermal cells push into middle of cytotrophoblasts of primary villi
29
tertiary villi
mesodermal cells differentiate into blood and blood vessels
30
DNA methylation-gene expression
addition of methyl to C5 in cytosine ring reduces gene expression methylation may silence or express
31
Epigenetics
gradual alteration of simple precursors to give definitive characteristics regulated by early acting regulatory genes to initiate developmental process directly or indirectly induce expression in downstream genes activation of downstream genes induce the expression of additional genes until the actual structure and functional characteristics are encoded and tissues are activated
32
Neural tube development
on 17th day mesoderm signals ectoderm to form a nerual plate the plate folds and grooves into a neural tube
33
Neural tube
starts out "slipper" shaped within ectoderm sits above notochord becomes the brain and spinal cord edges of fold meet on 22nd day the formed neural canal communicates with amniotic cavity via cranial and caudal neurophores which close on 26th day
34
Neurulation
conversion of neural plate from neural tube in 4th week process begins with folding creases ventrally along midline and develops neural groove
35
Abnormal closure of nuerophores
result of poor gene expression affects vertebral arch and cranial vault development underlies spina bifida and anencephaly
36
Neural Crest cells
develop bilaterally along neural tube differentiate into sensory ganglia (CN V. VII, IX, and X) medulla of adrenal glands, neurolemma sheaths of peripheral nerves, and pigment cells
37
Body mesoderm
paraxial of notochord and neural tube thickened areas form becoming: paraxial mesoderm lateral mesoderm intermediate mesoderm
38
somites
paraxial mesoderm breaks into bead shaoed blocks 42-44 pairs are formed 1. 4-occipital 2. 8-cervical 3. 12-thoracic 4. 5-lumbar 5. 5-sacral 5. 8-10-coccygeal become muscle, skeleton, and nervous tissue
39
Folding of embryo
each dermal layer starts developing organs folding gives correct placement to organs and digestive tract 4th week-folds in median and horizontal planes, the flat sic becomes C-shaped and cylindrical. head fold incorporates foregut, the oropharyngeal and heart ventrally brain in cranial position caudal portion folds (median) hindgut incorporated and cloaca horizontal folds give midgut region
40
organogensis
development of organ systems by end of 8 weeks major organ sytems developed
41
Ectodermal derivatives
CNS, PNS, ANS, neural crest cells, sensory epithelium, epidermis, pituitary gland, medualla of andrenal gland, and pigment cells
42
Mesodermal deritavtives
axial region (notochord), paraxial (somites), intermediate (urinary), lateral (splanchnic-blood vessels, cardiac vessels, lymph, and adrendal cortex), and somatic (parts of skull and muscles of head)
43
intermediate mesoderm
develops gonads, ducts, and glands of urogenital system
44
lateral mesoderm
sheet of mesoderm that becomes two layers with a space between at lateral parts blood and blood vessels, heart and lymph vessels, cardiac and visceral muscles, and adrenal cortex
45
endodermal derivatives
respiratory system and related systems, epithelia of digestive tract, liver and pancreas, and thyroid and parathyroid
46
perintology
study of fetus and newborn as a patient 22 weeks to 4 weeks after birth
47
fetology
studies concerned with the fetus
48
amniocentesis
amniotic fluid sampling by way of needle throw abdomen and uterine wall 15-30mL withdrawn for detecting abnormalities typically done after 14th week of pregnancy
49
Reasons for amnicentesis
late maternal age (38 and up) previous births with chromosomal abnormalities carrier of inborn metabolic disorder family history of developmental defects
50
Ultrasound
waves beamed into uterus via transducer accurate measure for diameter of fetal skull size-fetal age diagnosis of congenital malformartions
51
schedule of ultrasound
7-8th weeks to confirm pregnancy and check of ectopic 18-20th weeks check for congenital malformations, multiple pregnancy, and position of placenta 34th week to check fetal size, growth, and position of fetus in uterus
52
Ultrasound time measures
crown rump length (CRL)=7-8 weeks fetal length (FL)=18-20 weeks biparietal diameter (BPD)= 18-20
53
Spectrophotometric studies
examine amniotic fluid for hemolytic disease, erythroblastosis fetalis, and Rh-neg mother of Rh-pos fetus with anti-Rh immunoglobulin
54
fetoscopy
fiber optics scan entire fetus radiopaque substance injected into amniotic cavity and outlines fetus which is absorbed by the vernix caseosa-protective covering
55
fetoscopy risks
5-6% fetal death and spontaneous abortions radiation exposure=thyroid abnormalities
56
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
biopsy of chorionic villi (mostly trophoblast) via needle used for analysis of chromosomal and biochemical defects performed by 8th week and allows analysis earlier than that of amniocentesis 2-% risk factor
57
sex chromatin patterns
in nucleus of cells retrieved from amniotic fluid done by buccal smear in adults
58
alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
glycoprotein synthesized in fetal liver, yolk sac, and gut peaks around 14th week fetal blood concentrations higher small amounts enter amniotic fluid
59
Increase in AFP
higher in multiple gestation fetal death neural tube defects fetal bleeding turners syndrome
60
decrease in AFP
maternal serum is low when trisomy 21 is coupled with increase in hCG AFP level is creening test in mother AFP diagnostic test in amniotic fluid
61
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)
done at 20 weeks to diagnose severe fetal anomalies (trisomy 13)
62
Decidua basalis
uterine tissue and lacunae aid in formation of placenta. the cotyledon-attaches to decidue basalis and lacunae-becomes filled with maternal blood basalis is where placenta is attached
63
decidua capsularis
uterine endometrium covering the blastocyst at the aembryonic end
64
decidua parietalis
uterine endometrium opposite to the sides of implantation
65
chorionic villi
villi grow to become cotyledon or clumped masses of villi cotyledon have hundreds of villi clustered located in basalis grows all over chorionic sac as chorionic sac grows villi is compressed and degenerates-capsularis region area becomes avascular-named smooth chorion
66
amniochorionic membrane
ruptures during labor
67
Weight of placenta
1/7th the weight of fetus disc shape 15-20cm long, 3cm thick
68
Maternal blood
enters via decidua basalis by spiral endometrial arteries drained by endometrial veins
69
deoxygenated blood
brought to fetus via arteries form arterio-capillary-venous network lungs dont receive oxygen
70
umbilical vein
carries oxygenated blood back to fetus pxygenated through placenta
71
Rate of fetal blood flow
rate of flow is high fetal development dependent on villi being properly bathed in maternal blood
72
fetal hypoxia
decrease in oxygen received due to reduction in maternal blood flow can cause death smoking can cause hypoxia
73
Placenta membrane
4 layers of villi: syntrophoblast cytotrophoblast C.T. layer endothelium of fetal capillaries
74
hemolytic disease
bad mixing of maternal and fetal blood via small tears in placenta via the villi jaundice and anemia in fetus
75
placenta functions
metabolic, transfer, and synthesis
76
metabolic placenta function
synthesis of glycogen and cholesterol (energy and nutrients for fetus)
77
transfer placenta function
materials transported via simple, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and pinocytosis
78
amniotic fluid function
fetal movement, proportionate growth, prevents adherence, cushions fetus, supplies nutrients, regulates body temp, and helps lubricate and dilate cervix during birth
79
abnormal amniotic fluid
oligohyrdoaminos-400 mL or less can be from anoitic fluid leakage, bilateral renal agenisis, polycystic kidneys, and urethral obstruction
80
polyhydraminos
2000 mL or more (excessive fluid) can be from esophageal or intestinal atresia and esophageotracheal fistula
81
umbilical cord
1-2 cm in diameter 50-60 cm in length contains one vein and two arteries
82
absence of umbilical artery
chromosomal defects, fetal abnormalities 15-20% cardiovascular defects
83
2ndary umbilical vesicle
primordial germ cells develop here and migrate to genital ridges in embryo, they then degenerate but retain a portion that becomes vitelline vessels
84
allantois (sausage-like)
becomes part of umbilical vessels-the remainder is a thick band of tissue called the urachus (fetus) in mother known as median umbilical ligament
85
Arnold Chiari
Type I-adults Type II-pediatric Type III-severe with brain protruding Typie IV-brain didnt develop properly
86
Type I Chiari
most common type cerebellar tonsils below foramen magnum unnoticed until trauma or person matures adolescence or adulthood
87
etiology of Type I chiari
chromosome 9 and 15 linkage from a disorder of paraxial mesoderm forms small posterior fossa headaches often, brought on suddenly from coughing, sneezing, and straining
88
symptoms of Type I chiari
neck pain running down shoulders, unsteady gait, poor hand motor skills, numbness or tingling of feet or hands, dizziness, choking, vision problems, slurred speech
89
causes of Type I chiari
section of skull too small, pressure on cerebellum, tonsils of cerebellum extend into spinal canal
90
treatment of Type I chiari
depends on form monitoring surgery if necessary
91
risk factors of Type I chiari
impedes blood flow of CSF block flow neurological symptoms hydroencephaly parlysis syringomyelia death
92
syringomyelia
cavities or cysts in spinal cord cysts are fluid filled (syrinx) and expand and elongate over time associated with injury or displacement of spinal cord can compromise cord
93
treatment of syringomyelia
drainage of cyst, surgery
94
Type II chiari
brain tissue protrudes into upper spinal column related to spina bifida meningomyelocele
95
Type III chiari
back of brain protrudes out of an opening in skull
96
Type IV chiari
back of brain fails to develop properly brain usually missing
97
causes of chiari
toxic chemicals prescription or illicit drugs poor nutrition infection
98
treatment of chiari
depending on type usually surgery making space for cerebellum remove small area of base of skull
99
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
malformations due to maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy
100
Signs of FASD
smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small eye opening, growth deficiencies, and CNS defects sleeping, breathing, or feeding problems small head or facial or dental anomalies heart defects and other organ dysfunction deformities of joints, limbs, and fingers slow growth vision or hearing problems mental retardation behavior problems
101
partial FAS
facial anomalies
102
alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND)
CNS defects and behavior problems, and cognitive defects
103
alcohol related birth defects (ARBD)
damage to organs, bones, or muscles
104
effects of alcohol on pregnancy
spontaneous abortion rate 3:1 increased number of stillbirths premature separation of placenta intrauterine growth retardation
105
acetyaldehyde
alcohol metabolite placenta intergity compromised decreased vitamins, nutrients, and O2 disturbance of prostaglandin and control of blood flow to placenta
106
characteristics of fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
milder symptoms, growth retardation, and behaviorial problems

Embryology (1 decks)

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