Unit II Attitudes Flashcards
(28 cards)
Attitudes
Elliot Anderson: Enduring evaluation
Characteristics- Long lasting and making judgements.
Characteristics of attitudes
- directed to an attitude object
- part of personality
- an outlet of typical responses
- an emotional response
- based on belief and experiences
Nature of attitudes
Functional and structural
Functions of attitudes
Adaptive
Self/ego expressive
Knowledge
Ego-defensive
Helps mediate bn inner and outer needs
Structure of attitudes
Affective dimension concerns our feelings
Behavioral dimension concerns our actions
Cognitive dimension concerns our beliefs
Measurement of attitudes: Scales
Direct ways and indirect ways. Likert scales, semantic differential scales and Thurstone scales.
Factors affecting the formation of an attitude
Education, Socialization, Peer influence
Media, Role models, Culture and ethnicity
Personality and genes, social learning, Parental involvement, desire for health and physique enhancement.
Changing people’s attitudes in sports
cognitive dissonance theory, Persuasive communication theory, Agenda setting, framing theory, mere exposure theory
Changing people’s attitudes in sports
cognitive dissonance
Mental toughness
Ability to cope in difficult circumstances. coping with pressure of competition, coming back after failure, determination and resilience. General and specific. psychological edge.
Winning teams factors
MT, self discipline, self sacrifice and teamwork
Mental toughness constructs
- control; being able to keep emotions in check
- commitment; taking an active role in events
- challenge; a positive attitude to change
- confidence; self-belief.
Importance of MT
Employability, performance, wellbeing, completion/dropout rates, life skills, and positive behavior.
Gender differences in MT
Males score significantly higher than females on MT instruments. male athletes scored significantly higher than female athletes on mental toughness, confidence, and control
Gender differences have not been systematically explored
Reasons: Less exposed, bodies monitored, internalised stereotypes.
Race/Ethnicity differences in MT
African American culture sport is generally given an importance, especially for men, which is greater than that seen in Caucasian culture
Black athletes, as compared to White athletes, report experiencing greater investment in sport, greater responsibility for competition outcomes, higher expectations. Not only do Black athletes place more emphasis and importance on sport than White athletes, they also have greater belief in their athletic abilities and potential. Such confidence may help them succeed under culturally added pressures that are not experienced to the same degree by White athletes
Mood and MT
Not studied directly. Research to suggest that such a relationship may exist. Low levels of “negative” mood states (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion) and high levels of “positive” mood states (vigor), also referred to as an “iceberg profile” (Morgan, 1985), relate positively to athletic performance. A mentally tough athlete is expected to have a high degree of emotional control and a mindset that facilitates optimal performance. Mentally tough athletes should be capable of regulating their mood such that they are in an optimal emotional state
Negative aspects of mental toughness
Pain= weakness
slow rehab recovery
Transferability of MT
Current Mental Toughness Instrumentation in Sports
Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory (CMTI) Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) and Performance Profile Inventory (PPI)
Development of MT
Inherent personality trait
A state of mind
Both
Practising MT
Psychological (e.g., relaxation training, imagery, coping, punishment-conditioned stimuli)
Physical strategies (e.g., one-year training with the team)
In most of the psychological strategy interventions specific details are given, there is a substantial vagueness when it comes to physical strategies
Coach influence on MT
Be challenging and have high expectations
Have an approach to training planning that develops MT in competition too
Create a tough, but also motivational climate that fosters MT
Integrate mental skills training within physical training to accelerate the transfer of mental skills into competition
Importance of MT in sports
Improve performance and wellbeing concluded that MT could help individuals towards the completion of their achievement goals
MT levels affect the psychological response to injury. High mentally tough individuals displayed more positive threat appraisals
Better able to cope with pain than their less mentally tough counterparts. Greater attendance at rehabilitation sessions was displayed by more mentally tough individuals
More positive behavior during clinic rehab was characterized by low mental toughness
Perspective of MT
Vast majority of the research has examined the nature of MT from the athletes’ perspective.
But due importance should be given to the role of coaches
