Unit IX Terms Flashcards

Question

Truman Liberalism

Answer 1

The right to employment, healthcare, education, food and housing. Government is responsible for the welfare of the nation and its citizens. Truman’s legislative program sought to maintain the federal government's active role in guaranteeing social welfare, promoting social justice, managing the economy, regulating the power of business corporations. Proposed an increase in the minimum wage and national housing legislation offering loans for mortgages.

Answer 2

Introduced by congressional Democrats in the winter of 1945, which guaranteed work to all who were able and willing, through public-sector employment if necessary. Supported by Truman. Gutted by Congress, by the time it was signed into law in 1946, key provisions regarding guaranteed work had virtually disappeared, though it did reaffirm government's responsibility for managing the economy.

Answer 3

Allowed states to adopt right-to-work legislation that outlawed “closed shops,” in which all workers were required to join the union if a majority of their number favoured a union shop. Also mandated an 80 day cooling-off period before unions initiated strikes that imperiled national security. Limited union’s ability to expand their membership, especially in the South and West. Truman had vetoed the act, but it was overturned by Congress.

Answer 4

Republican Party nominated Thomas Dewey, the candidate Roosevelt had defeated in 1944. Henry A. Wallace was running on Progressive Party ticket, advocating friendly relations with Soviet union, racial desegregation, and nationalization of basic industries. Democratic Party adopted a pro-civil rights platform, and a group of white southerners created the States’ Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats), which nominated fiercely segregationist Strom Thurmond. Truman red-baited, sought support from African American voters in northern cities. Most Democrats saw Truman as an appealing moderate. African American voters made the difference.

Answer 5

Pushed forward legislation to support the civil rights of African Americans, including the anti lynching bill that Roosevelt had only given lukewarm support. He proposed a national health insurance program and federal aid for education. However, came to fruition.

Answer 6

The first earth-orbiting satellite, successfully launched by the Soviets in 1957, inspired worry about the nation’s scientific vulnerability.

Answer 7

Response to Sputnik, funded elementary and high-school programs in mathematics, foreign languages, and the sciences and offered fellowships and loans to college students. Cold war attempt to win the “battle of brainpower”.

Answer 8

In 1959, federal expenditures climbed to $92 billion, about half of which went to support a large standing military of 3.5 million men and to develop new weapons for the ongoing Cold War. Eisenhower warned that this new “conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry” and its “total influence – economic, political, even spiritual” threatened the nation’s democratic process.

Answer 9

A top-secret project, code-named “Verona,” decrypted almost three thousand Soviet telegraphic cables that proved Soviet spies had infiltrated the US government agencies and nuclear programs. Intelligence officials resolved to prosecute Soviet spies, but they kept their evidence from the American public so that the Soviets would not realise their codes had been compromised.

Answer 10

Used in schools and by the general public as the procedure to follow in the case of a nuclear attack on the US. Children practiced these positions in their school classrooms, learning how to shield their faces from the atomic flash and flying debris in the event of an attack.

Answer 11

Leading the anti communist crusade, known as the HUAC. Created in 1939 to investigate “subversive and un-American propaganda.” It was viciously anti-New Deal. Lost credibility then by charging that film stars were dupes of the Communist Party. In 1947, HUAC used FBI files and testimony of people high up in Hollywood to attack Hollywood.

Answer 12

Members of a group of screenwriters and directors who were sent to prison for contempt of Congress when they refused to “name names” of suspected communists for the HUAC.

Answer 13

Demonstration of how university professors also became targets of the growing “witch hunt” in 1949. The board of regents at the University of California Berkeley instituted a loyalty oath for faculty, firing 26 who resisted on principle. Protests from faculty members across the nation forced the regents to back down.

Answer 14

Republican senator of Wisconsin, who came before an audience in West Virginia and charged that the US State Department was infested with Communists. Not a very credible source, constantly changing the number of communists within the department – had severe drinking problems and a record of dishonesty as a lawyer and judge. However, he crystallized the anxieties many felt as they faced the new and difficult era of American life, and the anti communist excesses of this era became known as McCarthyism.

Answer 15

With bipartisan support, was passed by Congress. Required members of “Communist-front” organizations to register with the government and prohibited them from holding government jobs or travelling abroad.

Answer 16

State department official accused by Richard Nixon of the HUAC of espionage. In 1950, Hiss was convicted of lying about his contacts with Soviet agents.

Answer 17

Arrested for passing atomic secrets to the Soviets. They were found guilty of treason and executed in 1953. Though many historians believe they were victims of the witch hunt, there was in fact evidence that they were guilty.

Answer 18

Held by a Senate subcommittee in 1954, because a showcase for the senator’s abusive treatment of witnesses. McCarthy, apparently drunk, alternately ranted and slurred his words. After he maligned a young lawyer who was not even involved in the hearings, army counsel Joseph Welch protested, “Have you no sense of decency sir,” and his career as a witch hunter ended.

Answer 19

Signed in December 1946, several weeks after a black sergeant had his eyes gouged out by police in South Carolina only a few hours after he had been discharged from the army – an atrocity that disturbed Truman –, established committee by executive order. Its purpose was to propose measures to strengthen and protect the civil rights of the American people.

Answer 20

The committee’s report, calling for antilynching and antisegregation legislation and for laws guaranteeing voting rights and equal employment opportunity. First time president had acknowledge the federal government's responsibility to protect blacks and to strive for racial equality. Became the civil rights movement agenda for the next twenty years.

Answer 21

Created by one of the two executive orders Truman issued in 1948. Its purpose was to hear charges of discrimination.

Answer 22

In 1947, the black baseball player broke the major league colour barrier and electrified Brooklyn Dodgers fans with his spectacular hitting and base running.

Answer 23

Head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. In the 1940s, him and his colleagues carried forward the plan to devise by Charles Hamilton Houston to destroy the separate-but-equal doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) by insisting on its literal interpretation.

Answer 24

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, founded in 1909. Major player in the fight for racial equality. As a result of NAACP lawsuits, African American students won admission to professional and graduate schools at several formerly segregated state universities. Won victories through Smith v Allwright (1944), which outlawed whites-only primaries held by the Democratic Party in some southern states; Morgan v. Virginia (1946) which struck down segregation in interstate bus transportation, and Shelly v. Kraemer (1948), in which the Court held that racially restrictive covenants could not be legally enforced. In 1954, the NAACP won the history victory that stunned the white South and energized African Americans to challenge segregation: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Answer 25

Thurgood Marshall argued before the high court, incorporated school desegregation cases from several states. The Court concluded that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”. But though it overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, it did not demand immediate compliance. A year later, the Court finally ordered school desegregation, but only “with all deliberate speed”.

Answer 26

Wrote the Court’s unanimous decision in Brown v. Board. As California’s attorney general, he had pushed for internment of Japanese Americans during WWII, and had come to regret that decision.

Answer 27

In 1955, Rosa Parks, a department store seamstress and longtime NAACP activist, was arrested when she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her arrest gave local black women’s organizations and civil rights groups a cause around white to organize a boycott of the city’s bus system. They selected Martin Luther King Jr. as their leader. During the year-long boycott, blacks young and old maintained their boycott through heavy rains and steamy heat of summer. With the bus company near bankruptcy, and downtown merchants suffering from declining sales, city officials adopted harassment tactics to bring an end to the boycott, but they persisted, and 13 months after it began, the Supreme Court declared Alabama bus segregation laws unconstitutional.

Answer 28

MLK Jr was a 26 year old Baptist minister with a recent Ph.D from Boston University. Committed to transforming the potential of Christian love and schooled in the teachings of India’s leader Mohandas K. Gandhi, King believed in nonviolent protest and civil disobedience. By refusing to obey unjust and racist laws, he hoped to focus the nation’s attention of the immorality of Jim Crow. Persisted even as opponents bombed his house and he was jailed for “conspiring” to boycott.

Answer 29

A 14 year old boy from Chicago who was beaten, mutilated and murdered by white men in Mississippi in August 1955, because they took offence at the way he spoke to a white woman.

Answer 30

Businesses and professional people created it for the express purpose of resisting the school desegregation order. The council brought their economic power to bear against black civil rights activists.

Answer 31

This document was issued by 101 congressmen and senators from 11 southern states, all Democrats. Condemned the Brown decision as an “unwarranted exercise of power by the Court,” which violated the principle of states’ rights, and condemned those states that sought to “resist forced integration by any lawful means.”

Answer 32

In September 1957, Arkansas governor Orval E. Faubus defied the court-supported segregation plan for Little Rock’s Central High School. He went on television the night before school began to warn that any black students who attempted to enter the school that “blood would run in the streets”. 8 black teenagers tried to enter the school but they were turned away by the Arkansas National Guard troops sent by Faubus. The ninth student was surrounded by jeering whites and narrowly escaped the mob. The “Little Rock Nine” were granted entrance when a federal judge intervened, and Eisenhower dispatched 1000 army paratrooper to guard the students for the rest of the year.

Answer 33

Created the United States Commission on Civil Rights to investigate systemic discrimination, such as in voting. Was another federal recognition of the centrality of civil rights.

Answer 34

In 1957, MLK Jr. became the first president of the SCLC, organized to coordinate civil rights activities.

Answer 35

In a challenge to segregation, young men sat down at the all-white lunch counter in Greensboro, and inspired a movement in which more than 70,000 Americans – most of them college students – had participated. City by city, they challenged Jim Crow segregation at lunch counters in the South and protested at northern branches that practiced segregation in their southern stores.

Answer 36

SNCC was created in the spring of 1960 by young people committed to nonviolence to help coordinate the sit-in movement.

Answer 37

A nonviolent civil rights organization formed during WWII.

Answer 38

In May 1961, thirteen members of the CORE purchased bus tickets in Washington DC for a 1,500 mile trip through the South the New Orleans. Meant to demonstrate that, despite the Supreme Court rulings ordering desegregation of interstate buses and bus stations, Jim Crow still ruled in the South. One bus was firebombed in Alabama, another attacked in Birmingham. Made many reluctant to support the civil rights movement or a more involved government rethink their views.

Answer 39

The first African American student to attend the University of Mississippi. President Kennedy ordered 500 US Marshals to protect him. Thousands of whites attacked the marshals, but they did not back down, and nor did Meredith.

Answer 40

On May 2nd 1963, children, some as young as six, were placed at the forefront of the protest for equality in Birmingham, Alabama. As about 1000 black children marched for civil rights, police commissioned Eugene Connor ordered his police to put immensely powerful water guns on them, and to loose attack dogs. President Kennedy demanded that white business and political elite negotiate a settlement, and they agreed.

Answer 41

Governor of Alabama, who had fulfilled a promise on June 11, 1963, to “bar the school hour door” himself to prevent the desegregation of the University of Alabama. In response, Kennedy committed the power of the federal government to guarantee racial justice, even over the opposition of individual states. June 12, Kennedy told the public that it was time the country fulfilled its promise.

Answer 42

August 28, 1963, a quarter-million Americans gathered on the Washington Mall. They came from all over the US to show Congress their support for Kennedy’s civil rights bill; many also wanted federal action to guarantee work opportunities. Behind the scenes, divisions within the movement became to emerge from differences in what groups of activists thought of the bill (moderation vs. radical action).

Answer 43

Summer of 1964, more than 1000 white students joined the voter mobilization project in Mississippi. Formed Freedom Schools, teaching literacy and constitutional rights, and helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. There were tensions between black and white activists, and project workers were arrested over 1000 times and were shot at, bombed and beaten. Black and white activists risked their lives together, challenging the racial caste system of the Deep South.

Answer 44

Was Kennedy’s campaign promise in 1960, a society in which the federal government would work to eradicate poverty, restore the nation’s cities, guarantee healthcare to the elderly, and provide decent schools for all America’s children.

Answer 45

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Received billions in new funding – due to Kennedy’s vow to put a man on the moon before the decade’s end (as Soviet’s drew ahead in the Cold War space race) – and began the Apollo program. In February 1962, astronaut John Glenn orbited the earth in the space capsule Friendship 7.

Answer 46

The suspect in the murder of JFK, a formed US marine, dishonorably discharged, who had once attempted to gain Soviet citizenship. He was shot dead by a shady nightclub owner Jack Ruby. Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in the murder.

Answer 47

In his 1964 commencement address, described his vision of a nation built on “abundance and liberty for all...demand[ing] an end to poverty and racial injustice...where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents...where every man can renew contact with nature...where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.”

Answer 48

Signed in July, ended legal discrimination on the basis of race, colour, religion, national origin, in federal programs, voting, employment, and public accommodation; sex discrimination in employment was also banned – this part wasn’t initially part of the bill, but was introduced by a southern congressman who hoped it would engender so much opposition that the bill as a whole would fail. Also created a mechanism for enforcement, giving the government authority to withhold federal funds from public agencies or federal contractors that discriminated.

Answer 49

Created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, to investigate and judge claims of job discrimination. However, EEOC paid little attention to sex discrimination.

Answer 50

In response to the lack of attention paid by the EEOC to sex discrimination, in 1966, supporters of women’s equality formed NOW.

Answer 51

Supported the popular white southerner sentiment that the federal government has been overstepping its constitutional boundaries since the New Deal. Championed the vision that sought for a return to local control ands state’s rights in the face of growing federal power. Had voted against the Civil Rights Bill of 1964, and opposed the Social Security system. Believed individual liberty, not equality, was the most important American value. Wanted a more powerful military.

Answer 52

Sent a racially mixed delegation to represent a state in which discriminatory literacy tests and violence disenfranchised its black citizens. The white democrats threatened to walk out if the MDFP delegates were seated Though Johnson tried to make a compromise, the white representatives from southern states walked out.

Answer 53

Outlawed practices that had prevented most black citizens in the Deep South from voting and provided federal oversight of elections in districts where there was evidence of past discrimination. Within two years, the percentage of African Americans went from 7 percent to 60 percents. March 1965

Answer 54

Created by Johnson in September 1965, dedicated to supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities.

Answer 55

Ralph Nader’s expos of the automobile industry in 1965, inspired the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, example of consumer protection legislation.

Answer 56

Johnson and other liberals believed that the nation had the resources for programs that could end “poverty, ignorance and hunger as intractable, permanent features of American society.” Beginning in 1964, Johnson passed more than a score of major legislative acts meant to do just that: Head Start, Upward Bounds, Job Corps, Model Cities program, Community Action Programs, Medicare and Medicaid, Aid to the Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).

Answer 57

Early August 1964, US destroyers reported being under attack from North Vietnamese patrol boats, twice in three days. Despite the lack of evidence that the second attack had actually occurred, Johnson ordered retaliatory air strikes against patrol boat bases and an oil depot and ordered the reworking of congressional resolution on the use of force. Congress then quickly passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the president the authority to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression.” It essentially surrendered all warmaking powers to the executive branch.

Answer 58

A bombing program planned in the fall of 1964, which began in February 1965 in response to Vietcong attacks on American installations in South Vietnam which killed 32 Americans, ending in October 1968.

Answer 59

In July 1965, Johnson publicly announced a significant troop increase, disclosing that others would follow. By the end of 1965, more than 180,000 US ground troops were in South Vietnam. In 1966, there were 385,000. In 1968, reached a maximum of 536,100. However, such escalation only brought further escalation from North Vietnam.

Answer 60

The initiation of Rolling Thunder and the US troop commitment “Americanized” the war. What could have been seen as a civil war or a war of national reunification was now clearly an American war against the communist Hanoi government. This involvement was met with warning from major newspapers, columnists, Democratic leaders in the Senate, and even Vice President Humphrey. Abroad, almost all of the US’s allies cautioned against escalation and urged political settlement, claiming that no military solution was favourable to the US.

Answer 61

Because of Johnson’s rejection of the mobilization of US reserve forces and the declaration of a national emergency, the military establishment had to rely more heavily on the draft, which in turn meant the war became a young man’s war – average age was 22. It also became a war of the poor and working class. College students could get deferments, as could teachers and engineers. The poorest and least educated were less likely to be able to avoid the draft and more likely to volunteer. Officials recruited in poor communities, usually African American and Latino, pitching advancement.

Answer 62

July 1967 – 26 people were killed in street battles between African Americans and police and army troops in Newark, NJ. A week later, in Detroit, 43 died as 3 square miles of the city went up in flames. In 1967 alone, there were 167 violent outbreaks in 128 cities. Black residents exploded in anger and frustration over the conditions of their lives. They looted and burned stores, most of them white-owned, but devastated their own neighbourhoods in the process.

Answer 63

A one time pimp and street hustler who had converted while in prison to the Nation of Islam faith, a new voice urged blacks to seize their freedom “by any means necessary.” Offered African Americans a new direction of leadership. Chief spokesperson from the Black Muslims: “if someone puts a hand on you, send him to the cemetery.” Murdered in early 1965 by other members who believed he betrayed their cause by starting a more racially tolerant organization.

Answer 64

Members of the Nation of Islam, espoused black pride and separatism from white society. Their faith, combining traditional elements of Islam with a belief that whites were subhuman “devils” whose race would soon be destroyed, also emphasized the importance of sobriety, thrift and social responsibility.

Answer 65

In 1966, the SNCC expelled its white members and repudiated both nonviolence and integration. CORE followed suit in 1967.

Answer 66

Best known radicals of the era, an organization formed in Oakland, California, in early 1966. Bending black separatism and revolutionary communism, they dedicated themselves to destroying both capitalism and “the military arm of our oppressors,” the police in the ghettos. Dressed in commando gear, carried weapons, talked about killing “pigs” – and killed 11 officers by 1970. They also worked to improve life in their neighborhoods by instituting free breakfast and healthcare programs for ghetto children, offering courses in AA history and demanding jobs and decent housing for the poor.

Answer 67

In the fall of 1960, a group of conservative college students came together in Connecticut to create the YAF. Their manifesto, the “Sharon Statement,” endorsed Cold War anticommunism and a vision of limited government power directly opposed to New Deal liberalism and its heritage. Planned to recapture the GOP and move it to the political right.

Answer 68

In the fall of 1963, UC-Berkeley banned political activity, including recruiting volunteers for civil rights work in Mississippi, from its traditional place along a university-owned sidewalk bordering the campus. When the administration called police to arrest a CORE worker who defied the order, some 4,000 students surrounded the police car. Student political groups came together to create the FSM, which did win back the right to political speech, but not before state police had arrested almost 800 student protesters.

Answer 69

Students for a Democratic Society sponsored the first major anti war march that year, drawing 20,000 protester to Washington DC. On campus, students protested military research and recruiting done on their campuses.

Answer 70

Attempt to craft an alternative way of life, or counterculture, liberated from competitive materialism and celebrating the legitimacy of pleasure. “Sex, drugs, and rock ‘n’ roll”. Most lasting cultural changes involved attitudes about sex. Premarital sex no longer destroyed a woman’s “reputation” and birth control was widely available

Answer 71

On January 31 1968, Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces struck all across South Vietnam, capturing provincial capitals. The Saigon airport, the presidential palace, and the ARVN heading-quarters came under attack – even the American embassy was penetrated and occupied for 6 hours. US and South Vietnamese units eventually gained back most of the land they had lost, inflicting heavy casualties and devastating many villages. Called into question American military leaders’ confident predictions in earlier months that the war would be won soon.

Answer 72

On April 4th, 1968, MLK was murdered in Memphis, where he had traveled to support striking sanitation workers. His killer was James Earl Ray, a white 45-year-old drifter and petty criminal. King had become an outspoken critic of the Vietnam War and of American capitalism. Black rage and grief exploded in 130 cities, ghetto neighbourhoods burned.

Answer 73

Only two months later, antiwar Democratic presidential candidate was shot and killed as he celebrated his victory in the California primary. His assassin, Sirhan Sirhan, an Arab nationalist, shot him because of his support for Israel

Answer 74

Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey, Johnson’s vice president, seemed a continuation of old politics. Republican candidate Richard Nixon, called for “law and order” – a phrase some understood as racist code words – to appeal to those who were angry about racial violence and tired of social unrest. Reached out to those he called “the great, quite forgotten majority...who ask principally to go on their own way in decency and dignity.” Vowed to “end the war and win the peace.” Governor Wallace of Alabama ran as a third-party candidate advocating use of nuclear weapons in Vietnam and fiercely segregationist, won 14% of the popular vote. Nixon won by a slim margin.

Answer 75

The bombing of neutral Cambodia commenced in March 1969, as an attempt to make North Vietnam buckle. However, it refused to do so. In April 1970, South Vietnamese and US forces invaded Cambodia in search of arms depots and North Vietnamese army sanctuaries.

Answer 76

May 4 1970, National Guardsmen in Ohio fired into a crowd of students at Kent State University, killing 4 young people and wounding 11. Ten days later, police and state highway patrolmen armed with automatic weapons blasted a women’s dormitory at Jackson State, killing 2 students and wounding 9. The police claimed they had been shot at, though no evidence was found.

Answer 77

Lieutenant William Calley was charged with overseeing the killing of more than 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in the hamlet of My Lai in 1968. Demonstrated the dehumanizing impact of the war on those who fought it.

Answer 78

Kissinger afraidd that North Vietnamese troops could remain in the south after the settlement, while Tho abandoned Hanoi’s insistence that the Saigon government of Nguyen Van Thieu be removed. On January 27, 1973, Kissinger and Le Duc Tho signed a cease-fire agreement in Paris, and Nixon compelled a reluctant Thieu to accept it by threatening to cut off US aid, and promised to defend the South if the North violated the agreement. US promised to withdraw its troops within 60 days.

Answer 79

A holiday created in 1966 by Maulana Karenga, professor of black studies at California State University, offered celebration of a shared African heritage. Reflection of the emergence of pride in their history and culture, giving up the notion of a larger “American” culture.

Answer 80

From 1965 to 1970, labor organizer, who with Dolores Huerta, led migrant workers, the majority of whom were of Mexican ancestry, in a strike against large grape growers in California’s San Joaquin Valley. Led a national consumer boycott of table grapes, brought growers to the bargaining table

Answer 81

Adopted by gatherers for the National Chicano Liberation Youth Conference in 1969. Their manifesto, which condemned the “brutal ‘Gringo’ invasion of our territories” and declared the “independence of our...nation.” Called for the liberation of “brown peoples” from the oppressive force of American society and culture, not for equal rights through integration.

Answer 82

United Farm Workers, affiliated with the AFL-CIO, roots in the Mexican and Mexican American communities, critical to its success. Reassembled 19th century mexican cooperative associations, as much as it did a traditional American labor union.

Answer 83

RUP, a Southwest-based political party that registered tens of thousands of voters and won several local elections.

Answer 84

November 1969, a small group of activists occupied Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, demanding that the land be returned to native peoples for an Indian cultural center. The protest lasted 19 months marked the consolidation of a “pan-Indian” approach to activism.

Answer 85

Action favouring minorities or groups that tend to suffer from discrimination. Seen as a remedy for lasting effects of discrimination, and was required by all major government contracts, and many large corporations and educational institutions began their own programs. The combination of the belief that the federal government must help individuals attain the skills necessary to compete in American society with the concept that equality could be measured by a group outcomes or results.

Answer 86

In 1969, the Nixon administration implemented the plan, which targeted government contracts in Philadelphia, required businesses contracting with the federal government to show “affirmative action to meet the goals of increasing minority employment” and set specific numerical “goals” or quotas, for employers.

Answer 87

In 1963, book by Betty Friedan, signaled that there was ample fuel for the revivement of the women’s movement. Described the dissatisfaction of educated, middle-class wives and mothers life herself, who – looking at their nice homes and families – wondered guiltily if that was all there was to life. Instead of blaming individual women for failing to adapt to women’s proper role, blamed the role itself and the society that created it.

Answer 88

1966, the National Organization for Women, made up primarily of educated, professional women, a traditional lobbying group; its goal was to pressure the EEOC to enforce the 1964 Civil Rights Act, whose main focus was racial discrimination.

Answer 89

1973, the Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision, ruled that privacy rights protected a woman’s choice to end a pregnancy.

Answer 90

March 1972, stated simply that “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex” and was passed by a vote of 82-8. However, protest that this would cause men to slack as providers for the family and that the family structure would fall further apart, failed to be ratified (the ¾ necessary) by the time limit.

Answer 91

1972, Congress passed Title IX of the Higher Education Act, which prevented federal funds from going to any college or university that discriminate against women. Universities then began to channel money to women’s athletics, and women’s participation in sports boomed.

Answer 92

Led by Phyllis Schlafly, a lawyer and prominent conservative political activist. Argued that ERA supporters were “a bunch of bitter women seeking a constitutional cure for their personal problems.” She attacked the women’s movement as “a total assault on the role of the American woman as wife and mother, and on the family as a basic unit society.” Argued that it would foster federal intervention in personal life, decriminalize rape, force Americans to use unisex toilets, and make women subject to the military draft.

Answer 93

June 1969, New York City police raided the Stonewall inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village, for violating the NYC law that made it illegal for more than three homosexual patrons to occupy a bar at the same time. For the first time, the patrons stood up to the police, hundreds more joined the confrontation.

Answer 94

Really begins under Nixon, a way of talking about JIm crow and criminalize people of colour.

Answer 95

July 1969, Nixon and Kissinger announced the doctrine, which said the US would continue to provide economic aid to allies in Asia and elsewhere, but these allies should no longer count on American troops. An admission that Washington could no longer afford to sustain its many overseas commitments and therefore would have to rely more on regional allies, including many authoritarian regimes, to maintain an anticommunist world order.

Answer 96

Measured cooperation with the Soviets through negotiations within a general environment of rivalry, drawn from the French word for “relaxation.” To check Soviet expansion and limit the Soviet arms buildup, through diplomacy and mutual concessions. Sought to curb revolution and radicalism in the Third World and squash threats to US interests.

Answer 97

May 1972, agreement between the US and the USSR to slow the costly arms race by limiting the construction and deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles and antiballistic missile defenses.

Answer 98

Early 1972, where Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai agreed to disagree on a number of issues, except one: the Soviet Union should not be permitted to make gains in Asia. Sino-American relations improved slightly, and official diplomatic recognition and the exchange of ambassadors came in 1979.

Answer 99

Operation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a group of mostly Arab nations that had joined together to raise the price of oil, embargoes shipments of oil to the US and other supporters of Israel.

Answer 100

In 1973, encouraged by secret operatives and the CIA, a military junsta ousted Allende, the Marxist president-elect of Chile, and installed an authoritarian regime under General Pinochet, an iron-fisted tyrant who ruled for 2 decades.

Answer 101

US attempted to thwart but failed to defeat the Soviet and Cuban-backed faction in the war. After leftist government came into power in Angola, Washington took a keener interest in the rest of Africa.

Answer 102

Occupational Safety Hazard Administration, created by Nixon.

Answer 103

Opponent was Democrat George McGovern, a progressive senator from South Dakota and strong opponent of the Vietnam War. Appealed to the left and wrote of the centralists. Governor Wallace ran on the third party ticket, but withdrew from the race after an assassination attempt left him paralyzed. Nixon was sure to win, however, some of his men were caught breaking into the Democratic National Committee's offices.

Answer 104

Secret government documents were published the NY Times in 1971 outlining the strategy to win the Vietnam war (1955-75). US v. NY Times went straight to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Times was in the right based on the first amendment. Causes even more public resentment of the war.

Answer 105

Nixon’s Plumbers, tasked with bugging phones, infiltrating campaign staff, bugging Democratic National Committee offices. Were going back to plant more surveillance equipment when they were caught by the DC police at the Watergate Complex. Nixon tried to cover it up, though he was not directly involved in the break in. Was an obstruction of justice, and a felony – an impeachable crime – however, he managed to halt the investigation, so two reporters from the Washington Post pursued the story. Shook the confidence of US citizens in their government.

Answer 106

The two reporters and their anonymous, highly placed government official, who followed a money trail that led straight to the white house.

Answer 107

Nixon’s VP, Spiro Agnew, resigned in October 1973, following the charges that he had accepted bribes while the governor of Maryland.

Answer 108

Act to make it impossible for the president to disregard congressional spending mandates

Answer 109

VP to Nixon that replaced Spiro Agnew. He became president after Nixon resigned and was the first unelected president. The nation was in a state of cynicism. His first act was issuing a full pardon for Nixon. The Democrats were able to gain a large margin in Congress during his presidency.

Answer 110

Three-Mile Island was a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania that had an accident due to human error in 1979. The Love Canal was a dump site for local chemical manufacturer in New York which caused 30% of residents to suffer chromosome damage. President Carter declared a federal emergency there in 1980.

Answer 111

Strong public desire for environmental regulations and initiatives made the Nixon administration create the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970. Clean Air and Water Act created with it.

Answer 112

A stagnant economy characterized by a high unemployment combined with out-of-control inflation. Almost impossible to manage with traditional economic remedies. Increasing spending to stimulate economy and reduced unemployment only made inflation grow.

Answer 113

Unemployment and inflation added together.

Answer 114

Occurred during the 1970s. Automobile companies laid off workers, massive steel plants shut down, leaving entire communities devastated. Other manufacturing concerns moved overseas, seeking lower labour costs and fewer government regulations. New jobs replaced those lost, but they were service jobs – retail, sales, etc. Workers now had lower wages and lost healthcare benefits.

Answer 115

As the old industrial regions of the North and Midwest fell into decline, huge numbers of people fled to the Sunbelt, where the jobs were. Heavy investment from government in industries and infrastructures in the South and West meant it was primed for rapid growth of modern industries – electronics, aerospace, defence, transportation, etc.

Answer 116

Emerged in the West. Inflation had driven property taxes up, hitting middle-class taxpayers hard. Angry taxpayers saw government as the root of the problem. Instead of calling for wealthy citizens and major corporations to pay a larger share of taxes, they rebelled against taxation itself.

Answer 117

Passed by a landslide in 1978, rolled back property taxes and restricted further increases. Within months of its passage, 37 states cut property taxes and 28 lowered their state income-tax rates.

Answer 118

Founded in 1976 by such Cold War hawks as Paul Nitze, who had composed the NSC-68 in 1950. Criticised Carter for any relaxation of the Cold War and demanded that he jettison detente.

Answer 119

In Panama, where citizens longed for control over the Zone, which they believed had been wrongfully taken from them in 1903. Carter reenergized negotiations that had begun after anti-American riots in Panama in 1964. US signed two treaties in 1977, one of which returned the Zone to Panama in 2000, and guaranteed the US the right to defend the canal after that time.

Answer 120

The first mediated peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. Meeting in September 1978 with Egyptian and Israeli leaders, the president persuaded Israel and Egypt to agree to a peace treaty, gained Israel’s promise to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula and forged a provisional agreement that provided for continued negotiations on the future status of the Palestinian people living in the occupied territories of Jordan’s West Bank and Egypt’s Gaza strip.

Answer 121

In the 19th Century, Afghanistan was the fulcrum of the Game, the contest between Britain and Russia for control of Central Asia and India.

Answer 122

In December 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. In the 1970s, had spiraled into anarchy. In 1979, the Red Army bludgeoned its way into the country to shore up a faltering communist government under siege by Muslim rebels. US suspended shipments of grain and high-technology equipment to the USSR, withdrew major new arms control treaty and initiated an international boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Secretly authorized the CIA to distribute aid, arms and military support to the Mujahideen (Islamic guerrillas) fighting the communist government and sanctioned military aid to Pakistan.

Answer 123

The US would intervene, unilaterally and militarily if necessary, should Soviet aggression threaten the petroleum-rich Persian Gulf.

Answer 124

November 1979, mobs stormed the US embassy in Tehran, taking American personnel as hostages, demanding the return of the shah to stand trial. Eventually released a few American prisoners, but 52 remained under Iranian guard, suffering solitary confinement, beatings, and mock executions. President Carter refuses to negotiate with terrorists (becomes a regular part of foreign policy). Carter took steps to isolate Iran economically, freezing its assets in the US. Ordered a daring rescue mission, but equipment failure and hasty withdrawal caused two aircrafts to collide and killed 8 Americans. The hostages were not freed until January 1981, after Carter left office and the US unfroze Iranian assets and promised not to intervene again in the countries internal affairs.

Unit IX Terms Flashcards

(148 cards)