Unit One Flashcards
Principles of individualism
-rule of law -Individual rights and freedoms -private property -economic freedom -self interest -competition -Limited government
Thomas Hobbes✅
- English philosopher.
- wrote Leviathan 1651
- Humans are selfish
- Without government life is poor, brutish, and short
- sacrifice some/all freedoms for for a secure state
- believed in an absolute ruler, effective government must be absolute
- collectivist.
Power is designated to one individual
 John Locke✅
- English philosopher.
- Believed the state of nature of humans was Rational and reasonable - A sence of/ his Version Social Contract: citizens consent to be governed - willing to sacrifice some freedoms for security and protection of property
- supported overthrowing inadequate government
- supported natural rights: Liberty, life, health, property
- supported democracy - Individualist.
Society should be governed but the people should have the ability to overthrow government, private property 
Jean-jacques Rousseau✅
-Swiss philosopher
- wrote and created the Social Contract: Authority came from the governed, Who remained free because they all give up equal sovereignty
-people are corrupted by civilization
- felt rich would take advantage of the poor
- argued against class system
- supported direct democracy, The sovereign is the people, Government enacts the general will
-mixture of individualist and collectivist
Social contract meaning authorities with the people, Direct democracy

Baron de Montesquieu✅
- supported division of government  legislative,  executive, judicial
- believed in the worth of the individual, The equality of individuals, and accountability of government
- separation of powers and established laws create legitimate government
- three branches are separate but dependent so one cannot overrule the other two
- Tyranny is created through absolute rule

Separation of power
Adam Smith✅
-  support capitalism
- minimal state, Government shouldn’t manage economy, should only guarantee contracts (negative freedoms)
- individuals should work in their own self interest, which in a free market will strengthen economy and benefit society
- supported minimalist state
- supported free-market
- Government roles should be to maintain rule of law, social contracts, and provide basic public infrastructure
 capitalism and minimal government, invisible hand: The free market would manage itself
John Stuart Mill✅
- believed in freedom of speech
- Best actions maximize happiness
- supported  liberalism
- Harm principle: Power is used to prevent a person from harming another
- supported indavidal freedoms
- early feminist
- wanted to protected individual freedoms and decision making
Harm principal

Characteristics of ideology✅
- human nature
- nature and structure of society
- interpretation of history
- visions of the future
What was the enlightenment✅
The age of reason - 17th and 18th centuries paved the way for classic Liberalism
Laizzes-Faire economics✅
to leave alone, referred to the reduction of government involvement in the economy
Nouveau riche✅
Newly rich 
 socialism✅
Value economic equality among citizens Humanitarianism  Resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone  
Marxism✅
Karl Marx
a political and economic theory where a society has no classes. Every person within the society works for a common good, and class struggle is theoretically gone
From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs
Believed the working class was exploited by the upper class, The owners of production
Radical form of Socialism
The abolition of private property and the centralizing of the means of production in the hands of the state
Classic conservatism- Edmond Burke✅
 change could not be dictated by the present generations, change has to honour the past and future government
reactionary
Wanted to return to previous state
Believe the decision should be made when considering the legacy of the past
Revolutions were wrong
Welfare capitalism✅
A classic liberal economic system combined with the government legislation to give protection to workers
The great depression✅
Was a direct result of the free market economic system

Left vs Right✅
Left -  radical - complete rejection of the political and economic traditions of the past - collectivism -  communism -  socialism -  positive freedom
Right -  reactionary -  individualist - opposing change - often idealizes The past and excepts economic any quality -tradition -  inequality - fascism -  negative freedoms
Utopian socialist✅
 humanitarians who advocated for peaceful social ownership of the means of production
Robert Owen, Charles fourier, Claude st. Simon, Horace Greedly
The great law of peace✅
Supported individualist qualities found in the American Constitution, principles such as equal participation as well as guaranteeing certain rights and freedoms were given to the Iroquois confederacy and provided influence to the American Constitution
Robert Owens✅
 created New Lanark, a cotton mill thats working conditions mirrored utopian socialist
Three early reform movements ⁉️
Populists- 
Socialist
Progressives
Opposes classic liberalism
Muckrakers✅
American writers and journalist that tried to show the reality of inequality in America
 Theodore Roosevelt✅
Consumer protection
 corporate regulation
  conservationism
The square deal: fair deals  between factory owners and workers
Investigated trusts and taxed monopolies and unfair trusts
Business regulations: meat inspection act, Limited railroad monopolys
Environmental regulation: designated land to protect natural resources
 Sherman antitrust act✅
Outlawed monopoly business practices, prohibited trusts
