Unit One

Question 1

Prokaryote

Answer 1

A single-celled organism with no organelles

Question 2

Eukaryote

Answer 2

Single to multi-cellular organism with organelles

Question 3

Animal Cells

Answer 3

No cell wall, no cholorplasts, roundish shape

Question 4

Plant cells

Answer 4

Cell wall, cholorplasts, squared shape.

Question 5

Binary Fission

Answer 5

Prokaryote splitting into 2 identical cells

Question 6

Plasma Membrane

Answer 6

Selectively permeable, and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells.

Question 7

Phospholipid

Answer 7

A macromolecule with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

Question 8

Integral Proteins

Answer 8

A special functional region for the purpose of securing its position within (inside) the cellular membrane, hydrophobic.

Question 9

Peripheral Proteins

Answer 9

attach to the outer surface of the cell membrane, hydrophilic.

Question 10

Glycoproteins

Answer 10

Have sugar units attached to the outer surface of the membrane. Used for identification, recognition, and cell-to-cell communication.

Question 11

Pump or Channel Proteins

Answer 11

Similar to integral proteins, but allow for molecules and other substances to pass through the cell membrane

Question 12

Cholesterol

Answer 12

A steroid that is only in animal cell membranes: reduces the fluidity of the membrane, making it stiffer at high temperatures

Question 13

Simple Diffusion

Answer 13

smaller substances move between the phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane from HIGH to LOW concentration.

Question 14

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 14

larger substances move through CHANNEL PROTEINS in the cell membrane from HIGH to LOW concentration

Question 15

Osmosis

Answer 15

facilitated diffusion of WATER (water moves from HIGH to LOW concentration through specialized channel proteins called Aquaporins)

Question 16

Hypotonic

Answer 16

Inside of the cell has LESS water (and more salt/sugar/substances) than outside the cell; Water moves into the cell.

Question 17

Isotonic

Answer 17

Same water and salt both inside and outside of the cell.

No change in water movement

Question 18

Hypertonic

Answer 18

Inside of cell has MORE water (and less salt) than outside of the cell.
Water moves OUT of the cell.

Question 19

Active Transport

Answer 19

substances move across membranes through a pump protein from LOW to HIGH concentration using energy from ATP

Question 20

Exocytosis

Answer 20

Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside of the cell

Question 21

Endocytosis

Answer 21

Small pieces of the plasma membrane pinch off to create a vesicle containing materials from outside the cell and carry them inside the cell
cell eating = phagocytosis
cell drinking = pinocytosis

Question 22

Cell Theory

Answer 22

All cells are formed from pre-existing cells

Question 23

The Genetic Code

Answer 23

the 64 codons that have the same meaning in the cells of ALL organisms on Earth.

Question 24

Bubble Model

Answer 24

gases released by volcanoes and hydrothermal vents under the sea helped to create the first biomolecules that eventually became life.

Question 25

Primordial Soup

Answer 25

Life began in a pond or ocean when a combination of chemicals and gases combined with lightning energy to begin to form amino acids and other biomolecules.

Question 26

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment

Answer 26

He killed all organisms in a sealed environment, and then saw if life would spontaneously appear, and it never did; Confirmed “all cells come from pre-existing cells”

Question 27

The Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 27

The idea that a larger prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell by endocytosis, and instead of being digested, the smaller cell remained alive in the larger cell and performed useful functions. This is how organelles evolved in the modern Eukaryote.

Question 28

The Cell Cycle

Answer 28

A five-stage process in which the cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage) ending with cytokinesis.

Question 29

Interphase - G1

Answer 29

1st growth stage after cell division.
Cells mature by making more cytoplasm & organelles.
The cell carries on normal metabolic activities.

Question 30

Cyclins

Answer 30

Protein that helps with the cell cycle. Must have the right amount of cyclins in order to transition from G1 to S

Question 31

Interphase - Synthesis (S)

Answer 31

DNA is copied/replicated

Question 32

Interphase - G2

Answer 32

2nd growth stage.
Cell structures needed for division are made, including centrioles.
Cell preps for mitosis by making more organelles and proteins.

Question 33

Mitosis

Answer 33

Used for growth and repair in eukaryotes only.
Produces two new cells genetically identical to the original cell
Cells are diploid (2n) - pairs of each chromosome.

Question 34

Prophase

Answer 34

The nucleus membrane dissolves, the nucleolus disappears.
Chromosomes condense by supercoiling.
Centrioles begin making spindle fibers

Question 35

Metaphase

Answer 35

Sister chromatids line up at the center (equator) of the cell.
Centromeres are attached to spindle fibers.

Question 36

Anaphase

Answer 36

Happens rapidly - sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.
This is how mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells - each sister chromatid is pulled apart individually to ensure daughter cells have an exact copy of all DNA.

Question 37

Telophase

Answer 37

Sister chromatids at opposite poles.
Spindle fibers disappear.
Nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes.
Nucleolus reappears.
Chromosomes become disorganized chromatin.

Question 38

Cytokenisis

Answer 38

Cytoplasm divides
Division of cells into two identical daughter cells.
In PLANT cells - a cell plate forms at the equator to divide cells.
In ANIMAL cells - cleavage furrow forms to split cells (pulls apart).

Question 39

Cytokenisis

Answer 39

Cytoplasm divides
Division of cells into two identical daughter cells.
In PLANT cells - a cell plate forms at the equator to divide cells.
In ANIMAL cells - cleavage furrow forms to split cells (pulls apart).

Question 40

Metastasis

Answer 40

The spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body