Unit One Test

Question 1

Asexual reproduction

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction generates an offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent

Question 2

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 2

When two parents contribute genetic information to produce a unique offspring

Question 3

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle

Answer 3

G1, G2, S, and M

Question 4

G1 phase

Answer 4

The stage where the cell is preparing to divide

Question 5

S phase

Answer 5

The synthesis phase where DNA replication occurs and in this phase the cell duplicates its genetic material to ensure that both daughter cells receive an identical copy of dna

Question 6

G2 phase

Answer 6

The preparation for mitosis phase, cells are completed during this phase

Question 7

M phase

Answer 7

The cell division phase, it occurs quickly and involves both mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 8

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

Answer 8

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 9

Prophase

Answer 9

The first and longest phase of mitosis, chromatids condensed into a chromosome. The centroiles separate and the spindle begins to form and the nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 10

Metaphase

Answer 10

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, each is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere

Question 11

Telophase

Answer 11

The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelope will form

Question 12

Cytokinesis

Answer 12

It’s the 2nd stage of a eukaryote where the cytoplasm divides

Question 13

Why is cell growth regulation important? What can happen if cell growth is not regulated

Answer 13

Its important for the development in tissue repair and maintaining body functions by replacing old or damaged cells

Question 14

What are the 4 stages in meiosis I

Answer 14

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I

Question 15

Prophase I

Answer 15

In prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over, increasing genetic diversity.

Question 16

Metaphase I

Answer 16

In metaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs align along the metaphase plate, with spindle fibers attaching to their centromeres.

Question 17

Anaphase I

Answer 17

In anaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers.

Question 18

Telophase I

Answer 18

In telophase I of meiosis, chromosomes reach opposite poles, the nuclear membrane may reform, and the cell prepares to divide through cytokinesis, resulting in two haploid daughter cells.

Question 19

What are the 4 stages in meiosis II

Answer 19

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and telophase II

Question 20

Prophase II

Answer 20

In prophase II of meiosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down (if it reformed), spindle fibers reappear, and chromosomes condense in the two haploid daughter cells.

Question 21

Metaphase II

Answer 21

In metaphase II of meiosis, chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, with spindle fibers attaching to their centromeres.

Question 22

Anaphase II

Answer 22

In anaphase II of meiosis, sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Question 23

Telophase II

Answer 23

In telophase II of meiosis, chromosomes reach opposite poles, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cells undergo cytokinesis, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

Question 24

What are three units that make up a nucleic acid

Answer 24

The three units that make up a nucleic acid are a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 25

Which scientists helped contribute to the discovery of dna

Answer 25

Friedrich Miescher, Phoebus Levene, Erwin Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and James Watson & Francis Crick all contributed to the discovery of DNA.

Question 26

Whats the structure of dna? Are both strands identical? Are they parallel or antiparallel?

Answer 26

DNA has a double helix with two antiparallel strands that are complementary, not identical. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. One strand runs to 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5"

Question 27

Which four nitrogen bases are linked to dna? Which ones pair together?

Answer 27

The four nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

Question 28

How does dna replication occur?

Answer 28

DNA replication involves unwinding by helicase, followed by DNA polymerase adding nucleotides. The leading strand is copied continuously, while the lagging strand is copied in fragments.

Question 29

How is RNA different from DNA

Answer 29

RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). DNA is double-stranded, uses deoxyribose sugar, and has thymine (T).

Question 30

What are three different forms of RNA

Answer 30

The three forms of RNA are mRNA (carries genetic info), tRNA (transfers amino acids), and rRNA (makes up ribosomes).

Question 31

Which four nitrogen bases are linked to rna? Which ones pairs up?

Answer 31

The four nitrogen bases in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Adenine pairs with uracil, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

Question 32

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 32

Protein synthesis is the process where mRNA is transcribed from DNA and then translated into a protein at the ribosome.

Question 33

Explain how transcription happens in the nucleus of the cell

Answer 33

During transcription, RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand using one of the DNA strands as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm for translation.

Question 34

Explain how transcription happens in the cytoplasm of the cell

Answer 34

where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize proteins.

Question 35

What are two types of mutations, explain each type

Answer 35

1. Point Mutation – A change in a single DNA base. 2. Frameshift Mutation – Insertion or deletion of nucleotides, shifting the reading frame.

Question 37

Explain the antiparallel nature of the DNA molecule

Answer 37

The DNA molecule is antiparallel because its two strands run in opposite directions: one strand is oriented 5' to 3', while the complementary strand runs 3' to 5'.

Question 38

What are the steps in the semiconservative replication of the DNA molecule

Answer 38

1. Unwinding – Helicase separates DNA strands. 2. Priming – Primase adds RNA primers. 3. Elongation – DNA polymerase adds nucleotides. 4. Sealing – Ligase joins fragments.

Question 40

What is chromosomal mutations

Answer 40

Large mutations as they involve changes in whole chromosomes. They often involve the addition or deletion of an entire chromosome