Unit seven JCL

Question 1

carbon bond angle (tetrahedral)

Answer 1

109.5

Question 2

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 2

Hydrogen and carbon

Question 3

Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Answer 3

The carbon atoms are joined by straight or branched chains

Question 4

Alicyclic Hydrocarbon

Answer 4

A sub-group of aliphatic hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are joined in a ring structure

Question 5

Aromatic Hydrocarbon

Answer 5

Contains a benzene ring

Question 6

Functional group definition

Answer 6

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a molecule

Question 7

Homologous series definition

Answer 7

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 8

Empirical formula definition

Answer 8

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compounds eg CH2

Question 9

Molecular formula definition

Answer 9

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 10

General formula definition

Answer 10

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series, ie for an alkane CnH2n+2

Question 11

Structural formula definition

Answer 11

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 12

Displayed formula definition

Answer 12

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between then, all bonds shown

Question 13

Skeletal formula definition

Answer 13

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrocarbon atoms from alkyl chains

Question 14

Molecular formula of methane

Answer 14

CH4

Question 15

Molecular formula of ethane

Answer 15

C2H6

Question 16

Molecular formula of propane

Answer 16

C3H8

Question 17

Molecular formula of butane

Answer 17

C4H10

Question 18

Molecular formula of pentane

Answer 18

C5H12

Question 19

Molecular formula of hexane

Answer 19

C6H14

Question 20

Isomer definition

Answer 20

Isomerism is where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of their atoms. Isomers have different physical and chemical properties

Question 21

Structural isomer definition

Answer 21

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangement of atoms

Question 22

Chain isomerism definition

Answer 22

The carbon chain of molecules with the same molecular formula can vary causing isomerism

Question 23

Positional isomerism definition

Answer 23

Functional groups can be in different positions on the carbon chain causing isomers

Question 24

Functional group isomerism definition

Answer 24

Compounds with the same molecular formulae can contain different functional groups

Question 25

Homolytic fission definition

Answer 25

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming 2 radicals

Question 26

Heterolytic fission definition

Answer 26

The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms forming a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion)

Question 27

Radical definition

Answer 27

A highly reactive species due to it having an unpaired electron

Question 28

What does the base of a curly arrow show

Answer 28

The origin of the electron(s)

Question 29

What does the head of a curly arrow show

Answer 29

The destination of the electron(s)

Question 30

Nucleophile definition

Answer 30

An electron pair donor

Question 31

Electrophile definition

Answer 31

An electron pair acceptor

Question 32

Alkenes suffix/prefix

Answer 32

suffix -ene

Question 33

Alcohols suffix/prefix

Answer 33

suffix* -ol | prefix hydroxy-

Question 34

Haloalkanes suffix/prefix

Answer 34

prefix Chloro- Bromo- Iodo- Fluoro-

Question 35

Aldehydes suffix/prefix

Answer 35

suffix -al

Question 36

Ketones suffix/prefix

Answer 36

suffix* -one | prefix oxo-

Question 37

Carboxylic acids suffix/prefix

Answer 37

suffix -oic acid

Question 38

Nitriles suffix/prefix

Answer 38

suffix -nitrile

Question 39

Amines suffix/prefix

Answer 39

suffix* -amine | prefix amino-

Question 40

Esters suffix/prefix

Answer 40

suffix -oate

Question 41

Amide suffix/prefix

Answer 41

suffix -amide

Question 42

Acyl chloride suffix/prefix

Answer 42

suffix -oyl chloride

Question 43

Acid anhydride suffix/prefix

Answer 43

suffix -oyl anhydride

Question 44

Addition reaction

Answer 44

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

Question 45

Substitution reaction

Answer 45

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms

Question 46

Elimination reaction

Answer 46

The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

Question 47

Alkane general formula

Answer 47

CnH2n+2

Question 48

Why do alkanes have an angle of 109.5 between bonds

Answer 48

Electron Pair Repulsion theory | VSEPR theory

Question 49

What is the trend in boiling point of straight chain alkanes

Answer 49

The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point | chain length increases -> increased surface area between molecules -> strength of London forces increases

Question 50

What is the trend in boiling point of branched alkanes

Answer 50

The more branches in the carbon chain, the lower the boiling point (branching increases -> decreased surface area between molecules -> strength of London forces decreases)

Question 51

What does a double-headed curly arrow represent

Answer 51

movement of a pair of electrons

Question 52

Are alkanes reactive

Answer 52

quite unreactive, c-c and c-h bonds are very strong, c-c bonds are non-polar and c-h bonds are practically non-polar because of similarity in electronegativity

Question 53

Free radical substitution steps

Answer 53

Initiation, Propagation, Termination

Question 54

What type of molecule can be produced from alkanes through free radical substitution

Answer 54

Haloalkanes

Question 55

How is a free radical produced

Answer 55

UV light causes homolytic fission

Question 56

What happens to covalent bonds in diatomic halogen molecules in the presence of UV light

Answer 56

In the presence of UV light, the covalent bonds in diatomic halogen molecules will break, allowing a reaction with an alkane

Question 57

What happens in the initiation step

Answer 57

UV light is used to split the bond in a diatomic halogen molecule (e.g. Cl2). The bond splits by homolytic fission. Two halide radicals are produced (e.g. Cl•)

Question 58

What happens in the first propagation step

Answer 58

The halide radical (Cl•) that is produced in the initiation step reacts with an alkane (e.g. methane) to produce a hydrogen halide (e.g. HCl) and an organic radical (e.g. •CH3)

Question 59

What happens in the second propagation step

Answer 59

The organic radical (e.g. •CH3) produced in the first propagation step reacts with a halogen molecule (e.g. Cl2). The result of the second propagation step is a haloalkane (e.g. CH3Cl) and the halide radical (e.g. Cl•) that was produced in the initiation step is reformed

Question 60

What happens in the termination step

Answer 60

Two radicals react together to produce a stable molecule i.e. something that is not a radical. There can be several different termination steps as any two radicals can randomly react together to produce a stable molecule