Unit test 3 Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
What is ratification?
A
The action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid
2
Q
What can formal agreements between countries be called?
A
- Treaties
- Conventions
- Protocols
- Covenants
- Acts
3
Q
What are formal agreements?
A
They contain rules that all signatories of the agreement will follow for their mutual benefit
4
Q
What is the USMCA?
A
United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
5
Q
When was NATO established?
A
April 4, 1949
6
Q
How many countries were included in NATO at the beginning?
A
12 countries
7
Q
As of 2015 how many members are in NATO?
A
29 members
8
Q
What is collective security?
A
It is a political, regional, or global arrangement, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all
9
Q
Is collective security an effective means of maintaining peace? Explain why or why not.
A
Yes, it is because it prevents or decreases the violence that can occur between countries that are in NATO but also allows for outside countries to be more fearful and not want to attack which would also prevent violence
10
Q
What is diplomatic immunity?
A
The right of diplomats and their families, while posted in foreign countries, to be shielded from criminal prosecution and civil litigation
11
Q
What is the concept/main idea of personal inviolability?
A
- The host country has a duty to protect the diplomat
2. A diplomat shall not be charged or arrested on foreign soil
12
Q
What is the concept/main idea of extraterritoriality?
A
The state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law
13
Q
What is the concept/main idea of persona non grata?
A
A foreign person whose entering or remaining in a particular country is prohibited by that country’s government
14
Q
Can diplomatic immunity be waived?
A
Individual has committed a serious crime, unconnected with their diplomatic role
15
Q
What is extradition?
A
The legal process by which a fugitive is surrendered from on state, country, or government to the jurisdiction of another to face trial
16
Q
When will the Canadian government Extradite someone?
A
- There is a treaty existing that includes extradition policies
- The action is a crime in both nations
- There is reciprocity between the governments
- There is evidence of guilt
- It is a transnational crime
17
Q
When will the Canadian government refuse to Extradite someone?
A
- If the action is not a crime in Canada
- They will receive the death penalty
- The requesting country has not filed the necessary paperwork requesting the extradition
18
Q
What happens when a suspect commits a crime in two different countries?
A
Both countries will want to prosecute and convict the accused on their own grounds.
The country where the crime is most severe is the one where the suspect will stand trial first.
19
Q
Is there a treaty that governs the extradition of persons?
A
No, each state must enter into a separate treaty
20
Q
What is a bilateral treaty?
A
An agreement made by negotiations between two parties, established in writing and signed by representatives of the parties
21
Q
What is a multilateral treaty?
A
Treaty to which three or more sovereign states are parties
22
Q
How many treaties is Canada involved in for extradition?
A
49 bilateral
8 multilateral
23
Q
What is a trade barrier?
A
An obstacle to stop trade
24
Q
What is a physical trade barrier?
A
A natural barrier such as mountains, rainforests, deserts, or oceans
25
Why use trade barriers?
It is meant to be a political strategy typically imposed when one or more countries are unhappy with the political, military, or social actions of another country
26
What are some benefits of trade barriers?
- Protect homeland industries from competition
- Protect jobs
- Help provide extra income for the government
- Increase the number of goods people can choose from
- Decrease the costs of these goods through increased competition
27
What does the increase of economies globally mean for trade barriers?
More powerful when countries rely heavily on imports for day-to-day needs
28
What are some definitions/facts on tariffs?
- Tax on imported products or services
- The business that exports or produces the foreign product must pat the tax to the Canadian government
- Goes directly to the Canadian Treasury
- Tariff= taxes = money
29
As a Trade barrier for tariffs if country A is unhappy with the political, military, or societal actions of country B. What can country A do to show its displeasure towards country B?
Can raise tariffs required by country B, thus forcing country B to pay more to sell their products in country A.
30
What are some definitions/facts on Quota?
- Limit on the number of goods that can be imported
- Putting a quota on a good creates a shortage (or a scarcity), which causes the price of the good to rise and allows domestic (inside the country) producers to raise their prices
31
As a Trade barrier for quota if country A is unhappy with the political, military, or societal actions of country B. What can country A do to show its displeasure towards country B?
Can effectively limit the amount of revenue made by country B selling country A their resources.
32
What are some definitions/facts on Boycott?
- Act of voluntary and intentional abstention from using, buying, or dealing with country’s imports and resources
- Purpose is to inflict some economic loss on the target
33
As a Trade barrier for Boycott if country A is unhappy with the political, military, or societal actions of country B. What can country A do to show its displeasure towards country B?
Can encourage its citizens to boycott products produced by country B to limit the amount of revenue made by country B.
34
What are some definitions/facts on Embargo?
- Partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a country(ies) both exports and imports
- Strong diplomatic measures completely cut off trade between countries
- enforced through law so that private companies cannot continue to do business with companies in these nations
35
As a Trade barrier for embargo if country A is unhappy with the political, military, or societal actions of country B. What can country A do to show its displeasure towards country B?
Can ban trade with country B to suffer from total loss of a resource that cannot be grown or made in the home country.
36
Are trade barriers effective?
Although these trade barriers can negatively effect
mutual cooperation between countries, they are, for the
most part, effective, especially if multiple countries align
with each other to create barriers for a single country
37
What is international trade?
The exchange of goods and services across international borders because there is a need or want of those goods or services
38
Products going out of a country are called?
Exports
39
Products going in a country are called?
Imports
40
What are three reasons why we have international trade?
–Increases the number of goods that domestic consumers can choose from
–Decreases the cost of those goods through increased competition
–Allows domestic industries to ship their products abroad
41
What does WTO mean?
World Trade Organization
42
When did the World Trade Organization officially commence?
January 1, 1995
43
What does the World Trade Organization regulate?
International trade between nations by providing a framework for negotiating trade and process for dispute resolutions
44
What are the 5 principles of the international trading system?
- Non-discrimination
- Reciprocity
- Binding and Enforceable Commitments
- Transparency
- Safety Values
45
What is the principle of Non-discrimination?
- A WTO member has to grant the most favorable conditions under which it allows trade in a certain product type to all other WTO members
- Imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods
46
What is the principle of Reciprocity?
- WTO members have to ensure that when negotiating trade, each nation will benefit equally through trade benefits
47
What is the principle of Binding and Enforceable Commitments?
- WTO members adhere to the commitments outlined in the trade agreement; if any changes are made, compensation for loss of trade is required
48
What is the principle of Transparency?
- WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations and maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade. They must also respond to requests for info by other WTO members
49
What is the principle of Safety Values?
- Members may restrict trade to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health, and plant health
50
What are some reasons why we need international law?
- To address international crime
- To minimize conflict between nations
- To confront complex global issues, protect ecosystems and define terms and conditions of international trade
- To govern routine procedures such as the delivery of mail, communications between countries, and shipping across borders.
51
What complicates the development of international laws?
- Cultural, ideological and religious diversity
- Recognition of the sovereignty of induvial states
- Absence of an international legislative government
- Each state must agree to be bound by international law
- Enforcement of “laws” is a complicated issue
52
What is sovereignty?
The supreme authority of a nation-state to impose its power on its subjects within its defined boundaries, including the drafting and enforcement of laws
53
What are some things that countries can do to encourage other countries to change their policies or actions?
1. Statements of Condemnation
2. Economic Sanctions
3. Trade Boycotts or Embargoes
4. Withholding foreign aid
54
What is a transnational crime?
Crimes that are not only international, but crimes that by their nature involve cross-border transference as an essential part of the criminal activity.
55
What are some examples of transnational crimes?
- Human Trafficking
- Money Laundering
- Drugs/Arms/People Smuggling
- Illegal Wildlife Trade
- Sex Slavery
- Terrorism
56
What is Human Trafficking?
Involves the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/ or exercising control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in order to exploit that person, typically through sexual exploitation or forced labour. It is often described as a modern form of slavery
57
What is Money Laundering?
The act of engaging in transactions designed to obscure the origin of money, especially money that has been obtained illegally.
58
What is Drugs/Arms/People Smuggling?
Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people, such as out of a house or buildings, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations. Arms trafficking or gunrunning.
59
What is Illegal Wildlife Trade?
Wildlife trade refers to the commerce of products that are derived from non-domesticated animals or plants usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tissues such as skins, bones or meat, or other products. Legal wildlife trade is regulated by the United Nations' Convention on International Trade.
60
What is Sex Slavery?
Sexual slavery and sexual exploitation is attaching the right of ownership over one or more people with the intent of coercing or otherwise forcing them to engage in sexual activities. This includes forced labor, reducing a person to a servile status (including forced marriage) and sex trafficking persons, such as the sexual trafficking of children.
61
What is Terrorism?
The deliberate commission of an act of violence to create public fear through the suffering of the victims in the furtherance of a political or social agenda.
62
What is INTERPOL?
INTERPOL is the world’s only and largest international police organization, with 192 member countries.
63
What are Interpol's 4 functions?
1. Secure global police communications services
2. Operational data services and databases for police
3. Operational police support services
4. Police training and development
64
What are the 6 Interpol notice releases?
- Red notice
- Blue notice
- Orange notice
- Green notice
- Yellow notice
- Black notice
65
What is a red notice?
To seek the arrest of a wanted person with a potential for extradition based on an arrest warrant or court decision
66
What is a blue notice?
To collect additional information about a person’s identity location, or illegal activities in relation to a criminal matter (unidentified offenders and/ or witnesses)
67
What is a orange notice
To warn police, public entities and other international organization of dangerous materials, acts or events that pose a potential threat to public safety
68
What is a green notice?
To provide warnings or criminal intelligence abiut persons who have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries
69
What is a yellow notice
To help locate missing’s persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves
70
What is a black notice?
To seek information on unidentified bodies
71
What does the ICC stand for?
International Crime Court
72
What type of crime does ICC prosecute?
- Genocide
- War Crimes
- Crimes Against Humanity
- Crimes of Aggression
73
What is Genocide?
The intentional killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
74
What are War Crimes?
An act that constitutes a serious violation against persons or property, including willful killing, torture, extensive destruction of property, and intentionally directing attacks against civilians, etc., during a war.
75
What are Crimes Against Humanity?
Deliberate acts committed that are a part of a widespread or systematic attack on civilians. Unlike war crimes, they can be committed during peace or war. CAH are not isolated events but are condoned by the government.
76
What are Crimes of Aggression?
The ICC has yet to agree on a definition of this.
