Unit test - level 1-2 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What is Allegiance
A
loyalty to the King (Middle ages)
2
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of animals or plants (body parts). Especially in the Renaissance, where they were intrigued by human anatomy and made many sculptures with detailed human anatomy
3
Q
What was the Black death?
A
A highly contagious and often deadly disease the killed 2/3 of europe. It is caused by many things including bad hygiene at the time
4
Q
Christianity
A
Main religeon at the time (Roman catholic)
5
Q
City-state
A
A politically indepepened city with its hinterland around it with its own government.
6
Q
What are the 8 worldviews
A
Political, economic,social, knowldege, beliefs, values, technology, geography, time
7
Q
What are the 8 worldviews
A
Political, economic,social, knowldege, beliefs, values, technology, geography, time
8
Q
When did the middle ages begin and with what event
A
The middle ages began with the fall of Rome in 476 AD
9
Q
Who is thought to be a key figure in bringing stability to Europe? what event led to the power of this figure, and how did he bring stability?
A
William the conqueror. The event that led to his power was the battle of hastings in 1066, where he won the battle and gained conrol of englad. And he brought stability to Europe by creating the feudalism triangle that put everyone into statuses with no social mobility, stabilizing Europe in a time of instability.
10
Q
Why is the feudalism hierarchy often drawn in a pyramid shape?
A
It is drawn that way to showcase the population of each level- The more you go down the bigger the population and the lesser the status.
11
Q
Why did Europe become such a violent place in the Early Middle Ages?
A
- Political problems : The fall of the roman empire led to europe being sepereated into many different kingdoms, leading to a lack of central government and power conflicts.
- The barbarian tribes : the barbarian tribes caused constant threat to travel and bandits.
-Military problems: a lack of military led to unsafe conditions in europe.
12
Q
What did feudalism provide?
A
Feudalism provided stability to Europe in a time of instability. IT provided stability because people were placed into a social class and everyone knew what their duties were, as well as the lack of social mobility in the feudalism traingle.
13
Q
What did a lord’s strength depend on?
A
A lord’s strength depended on how much land and wealth he had. Not only that but some other factors such as his ability to protect his land and people, his strong castle, and more.
14
Q
what two things did a lord need to defend his property and people?
A
A lord needed knights to defend his people and castle and a strogng castle to keep his property safer from attacks.
15
Q
How could a regular serf escape serfdom?
A
A regular serf could escape serfodom by leaving the manor and not getting caught for 366. After that, they are granted their freedom.
16
Q
How was life as a merchant different from life as peasant or a lord?
A
Merchants actively engaged in trade and commerce. Lord usually didnt engage as much, and pesants weren’t allowed to be merchants and engage actively in commerce. Each one had their own role and status.
17
Q
What was living in Isolation like during the middle ages?
A
After the fall of the Roman Empire trade routes were lost and forgotten about. There was constant fighting between the barbarians. William the conqueror made feudalism and created a time of “peace”.
People lived in fear pf war so they valued protection and religeon so that they can have a good after life.
18
Q
How did a guild control society?
A
Guilds controlled quality of goods, pricing. This controlled the goods that people had and how much they cost.
19
Q
why was religeon so important to people living in the Middle ages
A
- Main faith: people wanted to get into heaven and have a good afterlife, and believed that religeo was the only way to do it.
-Education : The church guided people and was the only source of education. - Belonging : the church gave ppl a sense of belonging.
20
Q
why did the medieval people accept what the church was telling them without question?
A
Religeous devotion : People believd the church was an intermediay to god, and that they had ultimate authority on spiritual matters
-Worldviews: the church controlled people’s worldviews
Limited literacy: The church controlled what people learned.
21
Q
Why do you think people would want to become a Nun or Monk?
A
Religeous devotion : Some joined to pray and worship god to get into heaven
Economy: some joined as an escape of poverty or working conditions
Access to education: some joined to have access to education
Service to others: some joined to help others.
22
Q
Describe three ways in which the church was central to people’s lives
A
-Faith: The church was the main place of worship and religeous ceremonies such as baptisms, which were important to ppl
-Community: The church provided everyone a sense of belonging and the church held community events
-Education: The church was the primary source of education
-Moral guidance: The church provided the guidance on what was wrong or right.
23
Q
The church was the only organization that provided education at that time. How did this role give the church power?
A
-Education: The church controlled all education, allowing it to shape what people learned.
-Moral guidance: The church told people what was right or wrong, allowing the to shape people’s beliefs.
24
Q
What was the obligation of each level in feudalism?
A
-King: provided fief and peasants to his vassals.
- Vassals provided loyalty and military to the king. and provided knights with food, shelter, and protection.
-Knights: provided homage and military service to lords. Knights provided peasants with food, protection, and shelter.
-Peasants: farmed the land for knights and paid rent.
25
What were the crusades?
A series of religeous wars initiated and supported by the church in Europe. Primarily took place between the 11th and 13th century.
26
Who was involved in the crusades?
Muslims, Christians, Jews
27
What were they fighting over in the crusades?
Control over jerusalem
28
What was the primary purpose of the Crusades?
To regain control over jerusalem
29
What did the Europeans bring back from the crusades?
Knowledge of silk road trade routes.
30
What two things did the crusades lead to? Explain them.
-Religeous intolerance the fightin beween te religeous groups led muslime and christians to especially hate each other.
-Opening of trade routes
The crusades led to the discrovery of silk road trade routes and led to its reopening and people trading
31
What was the Bubonic's plague nickname?
The Black Death
32
One major cause of the plague and how did it spread?
- Major cause: Bad hygiene
-spread: Spread because of infected fleas and human contact.
33
How did the plague reach Europe?
The plague reached europe through the silk road by a boat coming in to Sicily with infected goods.
34
Why were the peasants revolting and in what year did it happen?
Revolting because of labor shortages and a demand for higher wages and to take away the poll tax. Happened in 1381.
35
What was the result of the peasant's revolt?
The peasants lost the revolt but the poll tax was removed till later.
36
Where was the Silk road?
Europe, Middle East, India, China, North Africa.
37
Who was at the center of the Silk road?
Middle east (bagdad esp.)
38
What was the silk road?
A netwrok of overland and maritime trade routes that connected the world.
39
What was exchanged along the silk road?
Phyisical
- Silk
-Spices
-porecalin
Non pysical
-Ideas and knowledge
-Religeon and culture
-Technology
-etc
40
What besides goods passed along the silk road?
-Knowledge and literature
- Culture and religeon
-Art and architicture
41
what good did italian merchants bring in by sea? give examples.
-Silk and textiles
-Spices
-precious jewlery and metal
42
What was the most valuable trade good?
Black pepper
43
How were these goods transported?
Overland and maritime routes .
Camels, caravans, ships, etc...
44
What were the two major reasons for the collapse of feudalism? Explain how it helped with the collapse of feudalism.
- Black death : The black death caused the death of 2/3 of europe and caused labor shortages that made the feudal triangle collapse.
-Peasant Revolt
45
What was the Renaissance?
The renaissance was a period in europe from the 14 to the 17th century taht was characterized by the revival of ancient greek and roman texts and cultures.
46
Why was the term Renaissance used for this time? What does it mean?
The term Renaissance means "rebirth". It was called that as it was kind of like a period of rebirth for europe. In this time, europe had an interest in classical texts, literature, and were heavily influnced by ancient greece and rome (they essentially wanted to copy them)
47
What do civic humanists believe is important?
They believd in active participation in society. They emphasized the value of civic engagemnet and helping out in society to better it.
48
What does the phrase "educating the whole child" mean?
It means to educate every aspect of the child, and not just academics. They had to be well rounded in literature,math, science, art, philosophy, and history. They also had to be speak different languges and be street smart.
49
What were some new studies that were added during the Renaissance? Why do you think these studies were added?
The studies that were added included art, math, science, philosophy, history, classic literature and more. These studies were added due to various resons including:
- Humanism: The emphasis on logical and critical thinking as well as education led to the emergence of these subjects.
- Techology such as the printing press made knowledge more accessible and facilitated the spread of knowledge
- Curiosity : scholars wanted to learn about hese subjects
-Architecture: The domes that they built required trignometery, leading more people to study math and leading to its emergence
50
What are the four/five main beliefs of the humanist about the individual?
-Critical think and rational quiry
-Have evidence and logic to support your understanding
-Focus on humans, their values, abilities, and individual worth.
-Educate yourself,cooperate, act ethically, and contribite to personal growth and positive societal change.
-Believe in your worth and diginity.
51
How is Renaissance art different from Medieval Art?
Renaissance art was characterized by porportinal art, shadows and light, 3d, cultural influence from greece and rome, and individuality.
Medieval art had a lack of shadows, lights, and proper proportions. It was 2d and lacked perspective.
52
How do ideas and knowledge spread? give examples
Ideas and knowledge can spread through many ways:
-Printing press: production of books and making it accessible allowed more people to be literate.
-Humanism: The focus on education during that time motivated people to learn, and the books printed at that time helped facilitate learning and the spread of knowldge.
-Trade and exploration: the contact with different parts of te world at that time brought culture and knowledge from other parts of the world, spreading knowledge throught contact.
53
How did astronomy change during the Renaissance?
Astronomy change the rennaisance by the emphasis of obersvation and experimentation of the scientific method, shifting te worldview because of the heliocentric model, and more. Astronomy in the renaissance changed becaue of te heliocentric model, obseration, technology, laws of planetry motion, and more.
54
How did medicine change during the Renaissance?
The humanistic emphasis on education improved medicine in several ways, as well as the focus on human anatomy:
-The study of human anatomy helped build a btter understanding of the uman body, aiding in proper medicine.
-The study of human anatomy also helped with surgical advancements.
-Trade helped with adavncment in medicine and the study of it, such as texts from the middle east.
55
What new developments in math came about during the Renaissance?
- Algebra and arthemetics
-Trigonometery
-Mathematical notation
-Invention of calculation devices such as the slide rule
These things enhanced appliction in astronomy and navigation.
56
How was religeon changing in the renaissance?
-Humanism: Humanism emphasized individualism and critical thinking. It emphasized personal interpretation of classical texts, and the bible. This promoted personal engagment rather than just listeining to the church.
- Philosophy: Works by Martin Luther had philosophical implications, and when he initiated the protestant reformation, that was changing the religeon from roman catholic.
- Science: Scietific discoveries often went againest the church, and when people found ot about these discoveries, it made them further question the church.
57
What was a major critism of the church during the renaissance?
A major critisim was that many things in the bible were misinterpeted/corrupted by the church.
58
Explain the protestant reformation
Martin luther made his 95 thses that critisized various aspects of the church. (such as the indulgences in the church) After he published it and placed it on the churches nearby, people started agreeing with him. He then started the protestant reformation with the goal of correcting the church.
59
Explaint he 3 effects of the printing press and more books on the Renaissance
Spread of knowledge: The mass prodction of books amde thm more accessible to a bigger auidence, enabling the spread of discoveries, subjects, and more,
- Literacy: With the spread of more books, more people were learning how to read and write, leading to a more educated population. (and a population that could think for themselves and interperet books themselves, such as the bible)
-Scietific advancements: The availbality of knowledge allowed scholars to build onto their knwoledge.
60
Who were the four renaissance explorers? (age of exploration)
Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Colombus, Vasco da gama, and ferdinand Magellan.
61
How did the silk road lead to the age of exploration?
- The silk road had sought after goods for europe like silk, so when it became harder to use due to political and economic instability and bandits, explorres wanted to explore and navigate differnet ways to trade.
- Cultural exchange: People sharing ideas and knowledge helped make navigational tools like mapd, helping explorers travel. These tools motivated people to travel.
-Economics: The wealth generated from the silk road created a desire to find other trade routes that were more direct so that they can generate even more wealth, motivating.
62
Who was prince henry?
Patron of the voyages of discovery.
63
Wat 4 new tools helped europeans have the means to explore
-Compass
-Astrolabe
-Maps
64
Who was Johannes Gutenburg?
German inventor that created the metal plates for printing.
65
Inquisition
Court that tried people that went againest the church
66
Who was francis bacon
English author that created the scientific method, which focused on experimintation, observation, and reasoning.
67
Who was Francesco Petrarch (petridish)?
Person who invented humanism/individualism
68
What did Erasmus do?
Made classical texts intro vernacular languages
69
What did Michel de montaigne do?
Invented the essay
70
Humanists wanted the return of classical texts from greece and rome, true or false
true
71
What was the difference between the art in the middle ages and the art in the Renaissance?
-Middle ages
2d art that mainly focused on religeon.
-Renaissance
3d art, focused on proportions, human anatomy, lights, and shadows.
Introduced oil painting
Focused on individualism (making the structures have identity)
Based off of greek and roman literature and art.
72
What was the sistine chapel? who painted it? where was it?
A painting in a church. Painted by Michelangelo. It is in the vatican city.
73
What did Francious Viete do?
Introduced symbolic algebraic notation.
74
What did John napier do with Francois viete?
They contributed to trigonometeric methods and functions.
75
What did the slide rule help with?
It helped and facilitated mathematical computations
76
What did Nicolaus copernicus do?
Created the heliocentric model.
77
what did Johaness kepler do?
He was a mathematician and astronomer that formulated laws of planetry motion based on observations and mathematical analysis. He also made a model of the eye and advancements in telescopes.
78
What was one thing they used trigonometry for in the Renaissance?
Building proportional domes.
79
What did Galileo do?
Discoevered the sun had spots, noticed saturn's shape, noticed venus's phases, which led to the discovery of the milky way.
80
Who is andreas Vesalius?
"Father of anatomy". Discovered that the body was made up of systems and groups of organs
81
Who is nicolaus copernicus?
A polish astronomey and mathematician that made heliocentrism.
82
What was arciticture in the Renaissace characterized by?
An interst in renewal of classical forms, proportions, and symetry.
83
What did architecture in the renaissance look like?
It focused on pillars, columns, rusticated stonework, domes, classica triangle roofs, had mathematical proportions, had vaulted ceilings, and arches.
84
What led to the start of the protestant reformation?
-Humanism: People were critically thinking for themselves and the emphasis for personal interepretation.
-Cristism: The church was facing critisms that the bible was corrupt and misinterpreted.
85
Who is Martin luther
The leader of the protestant reformation. Made "95 theses" that stated 95 things the church misinterpreted.
86
Who is John calvin?
A french theologian that followed in luther's footsteps and further developed the protestant theology.
87
Who was henry 8th
The king of england who broke away from the catholic church to be able to remarry. Made england protestant.
88
What was the Catholic counter-reformation?
A response to the protestant reformation marked by the council of trent and the rise of jesuits.
89
Who was queen mary 1
The queen that made england catholic again.
90
What is an Aqueduct?
A structure made to transport water from one place to another. used in plumbing.
91
What are beliefs
The acceptance of things that are true. Where one thinks they came from. what one thinks is true.
92
What is a city state?
An independent city with its own governance, laws, army, and economy.
93
What is civic humanism?
Humanism that emphazised active participation in society.
94
What are classsic civilizations?
Ancient socitities that had a lasting impact on the world, such as greece and rome.
95
What are the crusades?
A series of religeous initiated wars supported by the church to reclaim jerusalem from the muslims
96
What is cultural contact?
The interaction and the exposure to different culutres and customs. This can lead to the change of beliefs and more.
97
What is democracy?
Democracy is system of government where peole have the power to make decisons, usualy by voteing for a leader.
98
What is exocommunication?
A form of punishment for things like heresy that is made to punish people by not talking to them, excluding them from society.
99
What is exploration?
The act of travelling (sometimes through the unknown) to dicover new information, recources, or places
100
What is feudalism?
A social, economic, and political system that was used in medieval europe. It was an heirarchal system that placed people into statuses, each was a specific role and no social mobility.
101
What is Heresy?
A serious offence in te medieval period that was having belifs that went againest the established doctorines and principles of the church
102
what is an heirarchy?
A system of organization in which people are put one above te other, and the higher you are, the more authority and power you have. each level ahs a deifferning amt of importance
103
What is a hinterland?
The rural area that surrounded a city state.
104
What is the holy land?
A region in the middle east that has importance to Islam, christianity, and Judaism. Includes places like jeusalem.
105
What is Humanism?
The focus on human beings, their values, abilities and individual worth and human society could be improved.
106
What are indulgences?
Practices in the catholic church where people could be forgiven or recieve a reduction of punishment for their sins throught things like donations to the church.
107
What is Islam?
One of the religeons that europeans were exposed to during the trade with places like the Middle east.
108
What is isolation?
The state of being seperated from others.
109
What is Judaism?
One of the religeons that europeans were expoed to during trade.
110
What is a manor?
The recidence of the lord. I was self sufficient, containg the house, mill, church, peasants' cottages, knights houses, a water mill, barn, pasture, forest, fence, and feild
111
What is a feifdom?
Land granted by the king to his vassals.
112
What are the middle ages?
A period from 5th century to the late 15th century.
113
What is a monarchy?
A type of government where one person holds supreme power and authority.
114
What are the nobles?
Members of the hierarchy with power, and they have social status.
115
What is an oligarchy?
A system of government that is concentated in the power of small groups. Usually from the same social group.
116
What are patrons?
Wealthy individuals or groups that surroprted and funded artists, explorers, and amny other things.
117
What were patrons of the arts?
Wealthy groups or individuals that sponsored artists to make the city pretty.
118
What are scoules?
(Venice)A group of people that supported and paid for art.
119
What were peasants and serfs?
Free peasants were people that had some rights and didn't have to work under a lord. serfs had to work under a lord and had almost no rights.
120
What are perspectives?
Different ways of veiwing or understanding things. Perspectives are affected by worldviews.
121
What were philosophers?
Thinkers who explored various aspects of human excistence, knowledge, and society.
122
What is a pilgrim?
Going on a journey for religeous or spiritual reasons.
123
Who was Nicollo Machiavelli?
Political Philosohper and statesman. Famous for works that give advice on political leadership and power dynamics.
124
What is the Renaissance?
A perod of european history from the 14 to the 17th century. Marked by the revival of classical greek and roman texts and culture.
125
Where does the word renaissance come from and what does it signifiy?
The french word "Rebirth". It signifies the revival of greek and roman ancient texts, and it marks a period of "rebirth" for europe and its ideas.
126
What does Rural mean?
An area located outside a city or town, usually containing farmland and open spaces.
127
What is the scientific method?
A systematic process used by scientists and philosophers to answer questions. It included doing things like observation, experimenation, critical and logical thinking, and drawing conclusions.
128
What is the silk road?
A collection of overland and maritime routes that facilitated the exchange of goods and trade.
129
What is a sovereignty?
The supreme authority of a state to control all of its laws, its own affairs, ect..
130
What is trade?
The exchange of goods services, or both.
131
What is urbanization?
The movement from farms/rural areas to cities/urban areas.
132
What is usury?
The practice of lending money with interest, the church was heavily againest it at first.
133
What are values?
Things that an individual finds important, and it can heavily affect their actions.
134
What does Vernacular mean?
Everyday languge spoken by a lot of people.
135
What is a worldview?
A collection of beleifs that one uses to interpret the world. They shape how we percieve and interact with the world around them.
136
What is a tithe?
1/10 of one's income that goes to support the church in things such as funding education, helping the poor, maintaining the church, etc.
137
What influence did the Renaissance have on early explorers?
-Humanism: It emphasized human potential, motivating explorers to treavel.
- Techonoly: Innovations such as the compass aided in long sea travel, provided motitvation to explorers and marking them think voyages are possible
-Patrons: they sponsored these voyages, promoting explorers to go due to the decreased cost.
138
Who was the medicci?
Wealthy family that ruled florence at the time and had the largest bank.
139
What were the 3 social structures in venice?
Aristocracy
Cittadini originari
Commons ppl
140
What were some social intellectuals from venice
-Marco polo
giovanni bellini
Lombardo family
141
What were some social intellectuals from Florence
Leonardo da vinci
Amerigo vesspuci
Nicollo machiavelli
Guiliano Medici
142
What were some social intellectuals from Genoa
-Christopher columbus
-Ottaviano grimaldi
Andria doria
143
Who was Nicollo machiavelli?
Political philosohpher in florence
144
Who is michealangelo?
Michelangelo is known for his painting and sulptures like david.
145
Who is Raphael
Painter and architect known for works like "The school of Athens".
