UNIT THREE

Question 1

Antecedents

Answer 1

events that precede an action

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

association of automatic responses to new stimuli

Question 3

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 3

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

stimulus that evokes an emotional or physical response after conditioning

Question 5

Extinction

Answer 5

the disappearance of a learned response

Question 6

Negative reinforcement

Answer 6

strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs

Question 7

Neutral stimulus

Answer 7

stimulus not connected to a response

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents

Question 9

Positive behavior supports (PBS)

Answer 9

interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student

Question 10

Positive reinforcement

Answer 10

strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior

Question 11

Punishment

Answer 11

process that weakens or suppresses behavior

Question 12

Reinforcement

Answer 12

use of consequences to strengthen behavior

Question 13

Removal punishment

Answer 13

decreases the chance that a behavior will occur again after removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior

Question 14

Response

Answer 14

observable reaction to a stimulus

Question 15

Stimulus

Answer 15

event that activates behavior

Question 16

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 16

naturally occurring emotional or physiological response

Question 17

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 17

stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response

Question 18

Automaticity

Answer 18

The ability to thoroughly perform learned tasks without much mental effort.

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

grouping individual bits of data into meaningful, larger units.

Question 20

Cognitive load

Answer 20

the volume of cognitive resources necessary to complete a task.

Question 21

Declarative knowledge

Answer 21

verbal information, facts; “knowing that something” is the case.

Question 22

Explicit memory

Answer 22

long term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall.

Question 23

Gestalt

Answer 23

German for pattern or configuration…Gestalt theorists hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes

Question 24

Implicit memory

Answer 24

Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling, but influences behavior or thought without our awareness.

Question 25

Information processing

Answer 25

the human mind’s activity of taking in, storing, and using information

Question 26

Interference

Answer 26

the process that occurs when remembering certain information is hampered by the presence of other information

Question 27

Long-term memory

Answer 27

Permanent store of knowledge

Question 28

Perception

Answer 28

interpretation of sensory information

Question 29

Procedural knowledge

Answer 29

knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; “knowing how”

Question 30

Retrieval

Answer 30

process for searching for and finding information in long-term memory

Question 31

Schemas (singular, schema)

Answer 31

basic structures for organizing information

Question 32

Semantic memory

Answer 32

memory for meaning, including words, facts, theories, and concepts

Question 33

Sensory memory

Answer 33

system that holds sense information very briefly

Question 34

Short-term memory

Answer 34

component of memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds

Question 35

Working memory

Answer 35

the brain system that provides temporary holding and processing of information to accomplish complex cognitive tasks such as language comprehension, learning and reasoning; the information that you are focusing on at a given moment.