Unit Three

Question 1

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Preventing infection, transporting wastes&hormones, regulating body temperature&fluid volume

Question 2

Do arteries carry blood towards or away from the heart?

Answer 2

Away

Question 3

Where does blood pass from the legs?

Answer 3

From the inferior vena cava into the right atrium

Question 4

Where does gas exchange primarily occur?

Answer 4

The alveoli

Question 5

What is the digestive system responsible for?

Answer 5

Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream

Question 6

What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings surrounding the trachea?

Answer 6

To prevent the trachea from collapsing between breaths

Question 7

Do arteries have the highest or lowest blood pressure?

Answer 7

Highest

Question 8

What are villi responsible for?

Answer 8

Absorbing nutrients from digested food

Question 9

What are the functions of the digestive system in order?

Answer 9

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

Question 10

What’s the path of CO2 from the capillaries as it exits through the respiratory system?

Answer 10

Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nose/mouth

Question 11

What is the pericardium around the heart responsible for?

Answer 11

Reducing friction around the heart

Question 12

What does the mammalian heart consist of?

Answer 12

One atrium and one ventricle

Question 13

Does the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 13

Deoxygenated blood

Question 14

What don’t nasal cavities have?

Answer 14

Surface cells that directly absorb incoming air

Question 15

What is in both the digestive and respiratory system?

Answer 15

The pharynx

Question 16

Can the large intestine absorb alcohol?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

Answer 17

Carries blood from the heart to lungs and back(lungs to heart)

Question 18

What does the systemic circuit do?

Answer 18

Carries blood from the heart to body tissues and back(body tissues to heart)

Question 19

What is hemoglobin and why is it important?

Answer 19

It is a protein with 4 chains called globin that contains heme(1Fe atom), and 1 hemoglobin carries 4 oxygen molecules.

It’s important because it assists rbc in transporting oxygen throughout the body

Question 20

Why are the accessory organs important?

Answer 20

Liver- secretes bile, which is important for digestion, storing iron and copper, and manufacturing proteins

Gallbladder- stores bile the liver produced and is released when cck in the small intestine tells it to

Pancreas- mainly for secreting digestive enzymes and hormones, which assist other organs in digestion and absorption

Question 21

Where are valves located and what’s their purpose?

Answer 21

They are located in the heart(circulatory system) and the 2 sets are atrioventricular and semilunar. They prevent blood from flowing backwards into the wrong place. For example, from the superior vena cava to the right atrium and not the other way around.

Question 22

Where is surface area located and what’s the purpose of it?

Answer 22

It’s mainly located in the small intestine(digestive system). It allows villi to absorb more nutrients because the space in the small intestine expands

Question 23

Where is mucous located and what’s the purpose of it?

Answer 23

It’s located in the digestive and respiratory systems.
DS- stomach has a mucous lining to protect it by neutralizing stomach acid and protecting the small intestine from pathogens
RS- it’s found in the nasal cavity, it keeps the cells prepared and strong against pathogens and keeps it moist

Question 24

What 3 features are common in all circulatory systems?

Answer 24

Pump(usually heart)
Network of blood vessels
Fluid that circulates through the vessels

Question 25

What are the layers of the heart?

Answer 25

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 26

What is plasma mainly made of?

Answer 26

Water

Question 27

What are the layers of blood by highest concentration to lowest?

Answer 27

Plasma, rbc, wbc/platelets

Question 28

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 28

Transport oxygen, waste and hormones Prevent infection and blood loss Regulate body temperature, pH and fluid volume

Question 29

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 29

Platelets! The purpose of them is to clot the blood when a vessel breaks

Question 30

Compare wbc and rbc

Answer 30

WBC Always have nuclei, can live days or years, move in plasma and can go out of blood vessels, concentration fluctuates RBC Only live around 100 days, confined in the bloodstream, no nucleus, blood concentration is constant-ish

Question 31

Compare diastole and systole(LUBDUB)

Answer 31

D- fills ventricles with blood because of an atrial contraction. AV valves close making heartbeat sound(lub) {atrial} S- ventricles contract with all valves closed(isovolumetric contraction). Valves close making 2nd heartbeat sound(dub) and ventricles relax(valves are closed) {ventricule}

Question 32

Explain stroke volume and heart rate and what affects them

Answer 32

SV- volume of blood pumped out a ventricle in a heartbeat. It is affected by exercise and rapid blood loss HR- heart bpm. It’s affected by stress, ions, hormones and physical factors

Question 33

Compare veins, capillaries and arteries. What direction does blood flow and how is it transported?

Answer 33

They are all blood vessels C-where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the body's cells, linking arteries and veins. Direction of blood changes based on need A-they carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (with the exception of the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs). Direction of blood is from heart to other organs or tissues V-they return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart). Blood moves towards the heart from the body

Question 34

What are external and internal respiration?

Answer 34

E-when gases exchange between the pulmonary blood vessels and alveoli (happens in lungs) I-when blood exchanges gases with the body tissues (happening throughout body)

Question 35

What process precedes(before) external respiration?

Answer 35

Ventilation aka breathing

Question 36

How can respiratory rate and depth be altered?

Answer 36

Physical factors(talking,body temperature) Chemical factors(oxygen or carbon dioxide levels in blood) Conscious control(voluntary breathing) Emotional factors(gasping when scared)

Question 37

Explain hemophilia

Answer 37

Hemophilia is a disorder of the blood clotting system caused by deficiencies in clotting factors. It affects the body's ability to form blood clots, leading to prolonged bleeding episodes. The main system affected is the vascular and circulatory system, but it can also impact joints and muscles if internal bleeding occurs. Normally people when cut will narrow blood vessels to reduce blood flow(only around injury), form a platelet plug and clotting factors form a mesh to solidify the clot Those with the disease have under active clotting Treatment: no cure but desmopressin and physical therapy can help Symptoms: easy bruising, joint pain/swelling, blood in urine or stool

Question 38

Why are enzymes important in digestion?

Answer 38

They speed up the process of breaking down food into more absorbable molecules like amino acids. Ex-amylase in saliva breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars so the body can absorb it easier and use it for energy

Question 39

Where is the diaphragm and what’s its purpose?

Answer 39

It’s just below the lungs and heart. It separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The function is to help ventilation by moving and controlling the flow of air in and out of the lungs

Question 40

What are rugae? What’s their purpose?

Answer 40

Rugae are folds found in the body(mainly stomach and mouth) In the stomach, it expands to help the digestion process and protects the stomach lining from harsh acids

Question 41

Why is blood clotting important?

Answer 41

Blood clotting is essential to protect the body from excessive blood loss and infection while promoting healing after injuries.

Question 42

What are the layers of the alimentary canal? From superficial to deepest

Answer 42

Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa

Question 43

What is mechanical digestion? What’s chemical digestion? Where do they occur?

Answer 43

MD-physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles(without changing its chemical composition) Mouth(teeth/tongue), stomach(churning), small(bile) and large intestine CD-when enzymes break food molecules down into absorbable units like carbohydrates Mouth(saliva), stomach(gastric juices), small intestine(pancreas)

Question 44

What are the cardiac and pyloric sphincters?

Answer 44

Cardiac sphincter is where food enters The pyloric sphincter is where food exits

Question 45

Compare closed and open heart systems

Answer 45

Open- arthropods and mollusks hemolymph in body cavity less control over circulation Closed vertebrates and some invertebrates blood in vessels good control of blood flow

Question 46

Why can we eat upside down?

Answer 46

Peristalsis(wavelengths of muscle contractions) this pushes food one way, and valves prevent food/fluids from flowing backwards

Question 47

What’s the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 47

Transport waste products, hormones, blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body

Question 48

What’s the purpose of the nasal cavity and epiglottis?

Answer 48

NC-warm air through mucosa and trap+dispose of foreign objects E-allows air to pass the larynx into the trachea then lungs and prevents aspiration

Question 49

What’s the purpose of the alveoli, pleural membrane and bronchi+bronchioles?

Answer 49

PM-reduce friction BCHI-major air passages BCHIOLES-carry air to the alveoli AV-felicitate gas exchange with blood and inhaled air

Question 50

How long(roughly) is the human digestive tract?

Answer 50

30ft

Question 51

Explain how food travels through the body

Answer 51

Digestion starts in the mouth. Food is teared into pieces and grinded by teeth and saliva(Salivary glands.) The tongue pushes the food down the esophagus. The esophagus transports the bolus(formed in the bucal phase) to the stomach using peristalsis. Food meters the cardiac sphincter and maceration starts, churning the stomach. Cells release enzymes to digest the food and the stomach has chemical digestion when chyme and gastric juices mix. Most digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine. Nutrients are absorbed by villi and segmentation occurs so the villi can absorb as many nutrients as possible. The large intestine absorbs excess water and gets rid of indigested waste. Haustral contractions and mass movements occur to push the waste to the rectum. Pressure will then relax the internal anal sphincter and feces will voluntarily release through the external anal sphincter