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geography: changing places > unit three: the growth of the service economy and its socio-economic impacts > Flashcards

unit three: the growth of the service economy and its socio-economic impacts Flashcards

1
Q

what is teriarisation?

A

growth of the primary sector

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2
Q

what has caused the growth of the tertiary sector?

A
  • increased productivity in manufacturing and agriculture, which has resulted in a decreased demand for labour
  • an increase in affluence has lead to an increase in this sector
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3
Q

what is gentrification?

A

the displacement of working class populations in an area as a more affluent population move in

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4
Q

how many stages of gentrification is there?

A

3

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5
Q

what is stage one of gentrification called?

A

the early stage

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6
Q

what is the first stage of gentrification and how does it work?

A
  • occurs in run down, de-industrialised, working class inner city locations
  • artistic/hipster community take advantage of low rent buildings
  • these groups are known as ‘urban pioneers’
  • greasy spoon cafes = more food for lower price, services are relatively cheap
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7
Q

what is the impact of stage one of gentrification on the original population?

A

limited impact on original population

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8
Q

what is stage two of gentrification?

A

the transitional stage

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9
Q

what is the second stage of gentrification and how does it work?

A
  • reputation of the area is enhanced as a ‘trendy’ hipster place
  • new and more affluent residents move into the area, causing an increase in the no. of tourists/visitors
  • demand for housing increases = prices increase
  • more businesses are set up which leads to an increase in the prices of goods and services
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10
Q

what is the impact of stage two of gentrification on the original population?

A

working class people struggle to keep up with affluence

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11
Q

what is the stage three of gentrification?

A

the late stage

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12
Q

what is the third stage of gentrification and how does it work?

A
  • reputation is firmly established as a trendy, affluent and upcoming area
  • new affluent population have higher wages
  • private sector cooperate investment results in new exclusive housing development, services orientated to affluent pop
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13
Q

What is the impact of stage three of gentrification on the original population?

A

urban pioneers and working class people are priced out of the area

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14
Q

what is the case study for gentrification?

A

shoreditch

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15
Q

where is shoreditch?

A

located in hackney, east london (an inner city area)

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16
Q

when did shoreditch experience de-industrialisation?

A

in the 1980’s de-industrialisation of the garnet and furniture industry occurred, the area contained many derelict buildings

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17
Q

when and what happened in the first stage of gentrification in shoreditch?

A

1990’s - stage 1
- area around hoxton square attracted the artistic community
- illegal warehouse raves took place and ‘greasy spoon’ cafes still operated

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18
Q

when and what happened in the second stage of gentrification in shoreditch?

A

2000’s - stage 2
- area becomes one of the trendiest on London, attracting visitors and businesses
- causes an increase in property prices

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19
Q

in the second stage of gentrification in shoreditch how did the property prices increase between 2005 and 2010?

A

average house price in:
2005 = £225,441 vs 2010 = £345,827
(53% increase)

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20
Q

when and what happened in the third stage of gentrification in shoreditch?

A

2010’s - stage 3
- demographics of shorditch were representative of wealthy middle class population
- change in services, reflecting the growing affluence
- shoreditch cereal killer cafe targeted in gentrification protests
- involved 200 people, physically attacked business with torches and smoke bombs

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21
Q

what is a flagship development and how does it help with urban regeneration?

A

flagship = iconic development (e.g. birmingham library) creates a sense of ‘can only get this here’ and attracts tourist

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22
Q

what was the average price of a cereal bowl at the cereal killer cafe?

A

£3.00 - £6.00

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23
Q

what concerns do current residents have about this process in shoreditch?

A
  • marginalisation = splitting the community
  • unaffordable for working class = lose the people who live and work in the area
  • takes away industrial heritage
  • goes against traditions of the area
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24
Q

when was the big city plan put into place?

A

september 2010

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25
Q

what was the objective of the big city plan?

A

deliver sustainable growth, improve inter-connectivity, new residential communities and diversify the economic base

26
Q

how much was invested into the big city plan?

A

£10 billion overall
- £600 million investment to develop new street station
- expanded city core area by 25%
- 20 year vision

27
Q

how much is the big city plan going to contribute to the economy

A

£2.1 billion to the city annually

28
Q

what did the development of the sandwell aquatic centre offer to birmingham?

A
  • £6.5 million national investment in game sports
  • 40,000 new jobs, volunteering opportunities
  • more than £40 million of social value,
    approx. £200,000 input from it
29
Q

what is re-urbanisation?

A

the movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced out migration. this process attracts a more affluent, younger members, employed in growing sectors of the economy

30
Q

what is the case study for re-urbanisation?

A

brindley place, birmingham

31
Q

what was brindley place like in the 1970’s?

A

was based around a canal basin, dominated by derelict factories, extremely run down due to de-industrialisation

32
Q

when was the development of brindley place funded and what was the funding for?

A

1987 - a £200 million redevelopment involving an enterprise zone, birmingham city council regenerated the 15 hectare site into a premium leisure, commercial and residential are

33
Q

what was the first stage of the development of brindley place?

A

construction of NIA, which opened in 1991

34
Q

how many jobs were created overall during the redevelopment of brindley place?

A

10,000

35
Q

What did the scheme to redevelop brindley place include? (features of the redevelopment - residential)

A
  • 143 new houses and apartments in symphony court - completed in 1995
  • Later residential development included king edwards dwarf (243 apartments) in 2003
36
Q

what process occurred on Broad Street?

A

gentrification

37
Q

what employment opportunities were created due to the redevelopment scheme of brindley place?

A
  • OOzells building > HQ for city centre (retail and leisure job opportunities) boost in the secondary and tertiary sector
  • 15,000 sq ft of office space
  • foundry - flexible working space
38
Q

what is the local multiplier effect?

A

refers to the growth of a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy

39
Q

where was the entertainment district of brindley place?

A

the broad street area

40
Q

how has broad street changed over time?

A

1980’s > suburban high street
1990’s > broad street was transformed into a night life quarter with bars and restaurants located in the are

41
Q

what retail aspects were incorporated into the development of brindley place?

A

the development of the mailbox which was constructed and gentrified from the old royal mail sorting office

42
Q

why might urban areas still experience decline even after re-urbanisation? (what is the competition)

A
  • retail competition from the internet
  • ‘out-of-town’ shopping centres
  • large cbd redevelopment schemes in nearby settlement
  • new entertainment complex
  • ‘out-of-town’ office developments
43
Q

What are the factors that have led to decline in traditional high streets?

A
  • de-industrialisation in inner cities
  • competition
  • covid -19
  • internet/online shopping
  • out-of-town shopping centre
44
Q

what are the advantages to online shopping compared to high street shopping?

A
  • saves travel cost
  • saves time
  • comparative shopping
  • greater range of goods
  • cheaper
45
Q

what are the advantages to out-of-town shopping centres compared to high street shopping?

A
  • not weather dependent
  • more free parking available
  • more accessible, transport links
  • safety (security and cameras)
46
Q

what is the high street case study?

A

dudley

47
Q

what are the three measures used to calculate the vitality index?

A
  • the proportion of premium/luxury retail outlets
  • the proportion of low value retail
  • the proportion of vacant premises
48
Q

what position was dudley on the vitality index?

A

500 (lowest one)

49
Q

what was dudley’s high street like in the 1970’s compared to now?

A
  • 1970’s had many large department stores such as Debenhams, M&S, Curry’s
  • today its dominated by vacant premises or low value discount type stores
50
Q

in 2014, how many shops were vacant on dudley high street?

A

100

51
Q

how many stores does merry hill have?

A

220, including 28 catering outlets

52
Q

how many free parking spaces does merry hill have on site?

A

7000

53
Q

how many visitors annually does marry hill attract?

A

20 million

54
Q

what is an out-of-town office that has been developed that has caused dudley high street to decline?

A

the waterfront office park, located 600m from merry hill

55
Q

what does the waterfront office park have that has caused a decline on dudley highstreet?

A
  • over 45,000m2 of office space
  • 4 star hotel with 138 rooms and 600 seat conference room
  • numerous bars and restaurants
  • employs over 3000 in tertiary sector
56
Q

why have retail developments in birmingham caused a decline to dudley’s high street?

A

the bullring: costing £350 million, covering 26 acres and containing 160 shops
- very successful as it attracts 40 million visitors annually
- also can talk about the mailbox

57
Q

why have transport developments in the west midlands caused a decline to dudley’s high street?

A

the metro opened in 1999, connects wolverhampton with birmingham’s city centre, passing through dudley

58
Q

what shop closed in 2007 on dudley high street?

A

woolworths

59
Q

what was dudley’s regeneration attempt?

A
  • £126 million invested over a decade on improving fire station, historic architecture
  • £6 million to improve the market place
  • expanding the college
60
Q

How was Dudley’s regeneration attempt a fail?

A

non solved the retail problem

geography: changing places (7 decks)

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