unit two: economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places

Question 1

what are the 4 stages involved in the decline of the inner city?

Answer 1

• industrial change/decline
• increasing unemployment
• declining of shops and services
• declining in housing and environment

Question 2

what was the pattern of unemployment in birmingham in 2003?

Answer 2

• majority was based in the inner city (i.e. ladywood, sparkbrook etc)
• pockets of high unemployment in the suburbs

Question 3

what are the social factors involved in the cycle of decline?

Answer 3

• people are made unemployed
• people have less money to spend
• crime rates increased
• lower aspirations/lower wage demand
• out migration of skilled people in search of jobs

Question 4

what are the environmental factors involved in the cycle of decline?

Answer 4

• dereliction of industrial premises more waste land
• increased burglary, graffiti, vandalism and fly tipping
• environmental/building quality decline

Question 5

what are the economic factors involved in the cycle of decline?

Answer 5

• industrial decline/de-industrialisation happens
• industries and businesses start to reduce workforce and relocate
• industrial buildings sit empty
• less skilled workforce
• low investor confidence in the area

Question 6

what is social exclusion in de-industrialised places?

Answer 6

process of de-industrialisation can create areas of deprivation within a city

Question 7

what is the process that leads to social exclusion of de-industrialised places called?

Answer 7

filtering

Question 8

What are some of the issues that deprived/filtered areas face?

Answer 8

• poverty/homelessness
• dereliction
• less resources
• decline in public services
• increased crime rates
• poor quality of life
• ageing population
• spiral of decline

Question 8

how does social exclusion work?

Answer 8

1) de-industrialisation within an area leads to unemployment
2) outward migration of people within with higher levels of skills and education occurs as they find work elsewhere
3) remaining population decline in no. Those who remain suffer high unemployment and have decreased skills/ levels of education level leads to few prospects
4) decreased pop with a lack of spending power causes closure and further decline, lack of key services
5) remaining pop suffer social excursion and deprivation

Question 9

what is the case study for deprivation?

Answer 9

ladywood, birmingham

Question 10

in 2008, ‘the campaign to end child poverty’ revealed what?

Answer 10

80% of families fighting for financial survival

Question 10

Why is ladywood now deprived?

Answer 10

is an inner city location that developed in response to the growth of industry, canals and railway networks. de-industrialisation has led to its decline

Question 11

in what year was it reported that ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all constituents in the uk?

Answer 11

2010

Question 12

in 2009 what percentage of all violent crime occurred in ladywood?

Answer 12

25% in all of birmingham

Question 13

what does llsoa stand for?

Answer 13

lower layer super output areas

Question 14

what was the % of homes rented from the council in 2021 in ladywood compared to the national average?

Answer 14

ladywood = 75% vs national average = 9%

Question 15

what was the % of people in 2021 that had no qualifications in ladywood compared to national average?

Answer 15

ladywood = 29% vs national average = 18%

Question 16

what are enterprise zones?

Answer 16

these are designated areas in england that provide tax breaks and government support, objective to encourage businesses to establish themselves in these areas and start economic development

Question 17

how have government policies helped improve areas suffering from deprivation?

Answer 17

• encourage new economic growth in the tertiary sector by attracting fdi in the U.K from mnc’s
• retaining local population
• improving environment

Question 18

what are some of the benefits the uk government offer to companies?

Answer 18

• businesses who have just one property can claim 100% rate relief if their premises has £275,000 per business, over 5 years
• tax relief for businesses investing largely in plant and machinery in certain areas
• automatic planning permission for certain developments

Question 19

when and where is hsbc arena central (an enterprise zone) located?

Answer 19

central birmingham, opened in 2013

Question 20

what does the enterprise zone hsbc arena central contain?

Answer 20

• 1.2 million sq ft of mixed development for work, leisure, retail
• 670,000 sq ft of offices
• 250 bedroom holiday Inn

Question 21

when was the big city plan introduced?

Answer 21

2010

Question 22

what did the big city plan plan to do?

Answer 22

add enterprise zones by 2031

Question 23

what are the six economic zones that will be established in the big city plan?

Answer 23

1) the advanced manufacturing hub
2) tyseley, environmental enterprise district
3) uk science campus
5) city centre enterprise zone
4) long bridge
5) tec park

Question 24

how much investment will the enterprise zones of the big city plan attract?

Answer 24

£1.5 billion

Question 25

how many jobs will the enterprise zones of the big city plan create?

Answer 25

50,000

Question 26

how much new floor space will the enterprise zones of the big city plan create?

Answer 26

1.8 million square feet

Question 27

what are the problems in living in a heavy industry area?

Answer 27

• contamination of air and water
• noise pollution
• industrial waste

Question 28

what are the effects caused by the problems of a heavy industry area?

Answer 28

• health problems e.g. asthma
• hazardous piles of mining metals
• sewer outlets directly in canals
• worker hearing problems - noise

Question 29

What are the outcomes of de-industrialisation?

Answer 29

• clean air zones (planting trees)
• clean water, systems in place
• noise decreased as business moves abroad (mnc’s and globalisation)
• industrial waste decreased due to decline in primary and secondary industry
• now know of impact to environment so cleaner energy used