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Unit VI Flashcards

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1
Q

List the areas of the Midbrain

A

Tectum, Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius), Cerebral Peduncles

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2
Q

Which area of the midbrain is composed of a quadrigeminal plate made up of four collicular bodies (superior and inferior collicular pairs)?

A

Tectum

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3
Q

What area of the midbrain is a channel for CSF exchange between the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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4
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei are found in/near the periaqueductual gray substance (or central gray) matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

A

C.N. III & IV

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5
Q

What are the three parts of the Cerebral Peduncles

A

Tegmentum, Substantia Nigra, Crus Cerebri

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6
Q

Known as the Trochlear nerve, it is the smallest C.N. It innervates the superior oblique muscule (trochlear muscle) of the eye.

A

C.N. 4

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7
Q

What is the APPARENT origin of C.N. 4 and where do the fibers cross over?

A

uniquely out of the mid-dorsal/mid-posterior aspect just inferior to the inferior colliculus. They cross over from the opposite trochlear nucleus as they exit.

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8
Q

List all 4 unique characteristics of the 4th C.N.

A
  1. Smallest
  2. Apparent origin on posterior
  3. Fibers cross AS THEY EXIT
  4. Travels the furthest inside the cranial vault
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9
Q

Known as the Oculomotor nerve, it is a large cranial nerve which innervates 4 of the 6 extraocular eye muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique).

A

C.N. 3

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10
Q

Fibers from ____ nucleus (of the midbrain) contribute preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to C.N. 3.

A

Edinger-Westphals’

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11
Q

The SUPERIOR colliculi deal with ____ reflexes.

A

VISUAL

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12
Q

The INFERIOR colliculi deal with ____ reflexes

A

AUDITORY

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13
Q

Both sets of colliculi utilize the ____ tract for these protective reflexes. They allow us to move our head away from loud sounds and objects moving rapidly in our field of vision.

A

tectospinal

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14
Q

The tectospinal tract INFLUENCES the neurons in the upper cervical through C.N. 11. It, in turn, contracts the ____ and ____ muscles to prevent head injury.

A

SCM, trapezius

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15
Q

Lesions to the ____ don’t impair voluntary eye movements. Only perception of motion of objects in the field of vision.

A

tectum

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16
Q

Where is the nuclei of ORIGIN for C.N. 3 & 4?

A

Tegmentum

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17
Q

The reticular formation of the midbrain is located in the ___.

A

tegmentum

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18
Q

The red nucleus is divided into an inferior large cell area called the ____ area, and a highly vascular superior area called the ____ area.

A

magnocellular; parvocellular

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19
Q

Most fibers of the ____ originate in the magnocellular area.

A

rubrospinal

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20
Q

Input fibers come to the red nucleus from the ____ and the ____.

A

Central cerebellar nuclei (except the fastigial); cerebral cortex

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21
Q

The red nucleus functions as a contralateral motor response center necessary for postural control and muscle tone control PRIMARILY in (FLEXOR or EXTENSOR) musculature?

A

Flexor

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22
Q

What gives the substantia nigra its black appearance?

A

Melanine

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23
Q

Melanine is present in the substantia nigra in neurons that serete what chemical?

A

Dopamine

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24
Q

Afferent and efferent fibers of the substantia nigra are exchanged between the telencephalon’s ____ and ____ nuclei.

A

caudate; putamen

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25
5 parts of the diencephalon
3rd ventricle, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus
26
The ____ is the most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebrum EXCEPT ____.
diencephalon; olfaction
27
The diencephalon is a significant center of ____ and ____ functions.
autonomic, endocrine
28
The epithalamus includes the ____ and the ____
pineal gland, posterior commissure
29
The pineal gland is known as the ____ cerebri and the pituitary gland is known as the ____ cerebri.
epiphysis; hypophysis
30
Pineal tumors are hard to remove. They are found in only ___% of tumors
1%
31
Pineal gland secretes ____, ____, & ____.
melatonin, seratonin, norepinephrine
32
Pineal gland is most active between ____am & ____am.
2 & 4 AM
33
The pineal gland is sensitive to light through a pathway originating in the retina and synapsing in the ____ nucleus of the hypothalamus.
suprachiasmatic
34
T/F - Melatonin is a CONTROLLER of the circadian cycle.
FALSE. It is a FUNCTION of the cycle.
35
"SAD (Sesonal Affective Disorder)" affects about 1 in ___ people in the U.S.
20
36
The ____ is found just superior to the tectum of the midbrain. Just anterior and INFERIOR to this is a small structure called the ____.
Posterior Commissure; subcommissural organ
37
The subcommissural organ is composed primarily of specialized ____ cells and "may" produce ____.
ependymal; aldosterone
38
The ____ is the largest of all nuclei in the CNS.
thalamus
39
The lateral and medial geniculate bodies are often classified as the ____.
metathalamus
40
The thalamus is a single structure composed of two masses of gray matter, joined together by a bridge of gray substance called the ____ or the Interthalamic Adhesion
Massa Intermedia
41
All sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres EXCEPT ____ is RELAYED, and to some extent ____ in the thalamus.
olfaction; INTEGRATED
42
T/F - Complete integration of sensory input is possible in the thalamus.
FALSE - olfaction NOT included. AND relay is needed from higher brain center (post-central gyrus) for thermal and pain sensations.
43
T/F - The hypothalamus includesthe infindibular stalk, the optic chisama and the pituitary gland.
FALSE - NOT the pituitary gland.
44
An ____ ____ ____ of myelinated fibers runs through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions.
Internal Medullary Lamina
45
T/F - The hypothalamus works unaided and uninfluenced from other centers
FALSE. It DOES NOT work without aid or influence from other centers.
46
The hypothalamus has (direct/indirect) (endocrine/neurohormone) control via neuron axon extensions into the (anterior/posterior) pituitary, and (directly/indirectly) via (endocrine/neurohormones) to control the release of (anterior/posterior) pituitary hormones.
direct; endocrine; posterior | indirectly; neurohormones; anterior
47
The hypothalamus has vague control over the basic drives of ____, ____, & ____
hunger, thirst, sex
48
The hypothalamus controls the _____ aspects of emotional expression, including crying, increased HR, and flushed cheeks during embarrassment.
physical
49
The hypothalamus has control over autonomic functions. The parasympathetic control is found in the ____ and ____ areas. Including the ____.
anterior, intermediate; tuber cinereum
50
The hypothalamus has parasympathetic control over (increasing/decreasing) digestive motility, (increasing/decreasing) heart rate, (constricting/dilating) the pupil, etc.
increasing; decreasing; constricting
51
The hypothalamus has sympathetic control over (increasing/decreasing) digestive motility, (increasing/decreasing) heart rate, (constricting/dilating) the pupil, etc.
decreasing; increasing; dilating
52
The hypothalamus has control over autonomic functions. The sympathetic control is found in the ____ area. Including the ____ & ____.
posterior; posterior nuclei, mammillary bodies
53
Name the 5 nuclei of the anterior division of the hypothalamus.
1. Supraoptic 2. Paraventricular 3. Suprachiasmatic 4. Anterior 5. Preoptic
54
The ____ and ____ nuclei send axons down the infindibular stalk via the ____ tract. They release oxytocin and ADH in the posterior pituitary.
supraoptic, paraventricular; supraopticohypophyseal
55
The ____ nuceli is responsible for much of our circadian rhythms such as temp, sleep, light, feeding, etc. It is connected to the pineal gland and its secretions into the bloodstream.
Suprachiasmatic
56
The ____ nucleus of the hypothalamus is known for parasympathetic functions.
Anterior
57
The ____ nucleus is a thermo-regulator as the body (heats up/cools down)?
Preoptic; heats up
58
Name the 3 nuclei of the intermediate division of the hypothalamus.
1. Dorsomedial nuclei 2. Ventromedial nuclei 3. Arcuate nuclei
59
The term used to describe the "undulating bulge" between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies.
Tuber cinereum
60
A significant GI tract parasympathetic influence.
Dorsomedial nuclei
61
A center for eating and thirst gratification. "A satiety center".
Ventromedial nuclei
62
These nuclei contribute axons to the tuberoinfundibular tract which terminates in the perivascular space of the infundibular stalk where neurohormones are released into the bloodstream.
Arcuate nuclei
63
The two nuclei that make up the posterior area.
1. Mammillary bodies | 2. Posterior nuclei
64
The ____ nucleus is a thermo-regulator as the body (heats up/cools down)?
posterior; cools down
65
A nucleus important for short-term memory.
Mammillary bodies
66
The posterior pituitary is also called the ____.
neurohypophysis
67
The anterior pituitary is also called the ____.
adenohypophysis
68
____ ____ gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and intermediate pituitary.
Rathke's Pouch
69
List the 3 subdivisions of the subthalamus.
1. Parvocellular (superior) region of the Red Nucleus 2. Superior portion of the substantia nigra 3. Subthalamic nuclei

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