UNIT1-topography Flashcards
(20 cards)
Pakistan’s neighboring countries (+a sea) and their directions
china northeast Afghanistan west Tajikistan north-west Islamic Republic of Iran south-west Arabian sea southern border India east
6 natural topography areas of pk
1 northern mountain and n-western mountains 2 the w mountains 3 the Balochistan plateau 4 potwar plateau and salt range 5 the Indus plain 6 desert areas
topography
the study and description of the surface features of the land, which include both natural and artificial features.
three main ranges and their average height
the Karakorum range 6000m
the Himalayas 4000m
the Hindu Kush 5000m
northern mountains imp
1 snow-capped peaks melt drain into river irrigate Indus plain
2 a natural border to China and central Asian republicans
3 peaks provide protection against the cold winds from central Asia
4 passes connect pk to china and afg
5 raw materials for industry (provide name) and valuable minerals (provide names)pg 4
mountain valleys
1 swat hk 2 Chitral hk 3 dir hk 4 Gilgit k 5 Hunza k 6 Baltistan k 7 muree and gallies h 8 kaghan h
environmental issues in n mountain
1 overgrazing= deforestation=soil erosion
2 demand for firewood=deforestation
3 construction of roads= deforestation=land sliding
4 population growth=pollution
5 polluted water=dysentery, cholera, typhoid.
n mountains relief features
pg 6
snow field
a plain area covered with perpetual snow above the snowline in high altitude mountains. there must be very heavy snowfall which allows snow to accumulate in compact layers to from a snowfield.
serrated landscape
elevated mountain zone used for agriculture.
bare rocks
in high altitude areas above the snow line(rocks without vegetation due to accumulation of snow)
scree
a slope consisting of accumulation of loose rock debris. it is formed when water in the cracks of the rock freezes, expands and exerts great pressure within the rock.
deep v shaped valleys/gorges
steep sided dep river valleys, formed due to movement off glaciers
cirque/corrie
a steep walled basin resulting from frost and glacial action. in some cases it consists a small lake. for example lake saif-ul-mulk located in kaghan valley and satpura lake near skardu are cirques.
active flood plain
the narrow strip of land on both sides of the river. it is inundated almost every year.
meander and cover flood plains (old flood plains)
cover the area between the alluvial terraces and the active flood plain. they are only flooded when there is heavy monsoon rainfall. they are covered with old alluvial deposited in the past.
Alluvial terraces or bars
are areas of higher ground between rivers formed by erosion of old alluvium. they are formed in the upper indus plain in chaj, rechna and doab.
piedmont Plains
are located at the foothills of the Sulaiman, kirthar and Himalayan mountains.The most dominant features of the piedmont plains are the Alluvial fans or cones that develop eastward from the Suleman and kirthar mountains
(tidal) delta
often triangular or fan-shaped with the main distributaries branching out from the main river like the ribs of a fan. when a river flows into the sea its speed is soon checked and its load of Alluvium is dropped on the sea floor. Deposition of alluvium on the banks of the distributaries makes the level of the levees higher than the adjacent areas. sea water often fills up the troughs between the distributaries, resulting in swamps.
Badland topography
is a type of dry terrain where sedimentary rocks and clay-rich soils have been extensively eroded by water and wind. they are characterized as steep slopes, mineral vegetation, lack of regolith and high drainage density.
