Unit2 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the main perspectives in the study of human development?
Psychodynamic, behavioral, contextual, cognitive, and ethological/evolutionary perspectives.
What is the main idea of the psychodynamic perspective?
Behavior is motivated by internal forces, memories, and conflicts, often originating in childhood, that influence development.
What are Freud’s five models of psychoanalytic theory?
Topographic model, dynamic model, economic model, structural model, and genetic model.
What are the three parts of Freud’s structural model of personality?
Id (instincts), Ego (reality), and Superego (morality).
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?
Oral (0-1 year), Anal (2-3 years), Phallic (3-6 years), Latency (6-puberty), and Genital (adolescence-adulthood).
How does Erikson’s psychosocial theory differ from Freud’s psychosexual theory?
Erikson emphasized the role of social and cultural influences, with development occurring throughout the lifespan in eight stages.
What is the key conflict in Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust stage (0-1 year)?
Developing trust in caregivers to meet basic needs.
What is the focus of Anna Freud’s multilinear theory of development?
Different developmental lines such as moving from dependency to emotional self-reliance.
What is Melanie Klein’s Object Relations Theory?
Early relationships, particularly with the mother, shape an individual’s psychological growth and personality.
What are Klein’s two key developmental positions in infancy?
Paranoid-schizoid position (0-6 months) and depressive position (6-12 months).
What is Donald Winnicott’s concept of holding?
A mother provides psychological support for a child until they develop autonomy.
What does the behavioral perspective emphasize in development?
Development is shaped by learning from environmental interactions through reinforcement and punishment.
What are the four types of reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
What was Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment about?
It demonstrated that children learn aggressive behaviors through observational learning and imitation.
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
Cognitive development occurs through social interaction and is guided by more knowledgeable others (MKOs).
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The difference between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance.
What are the layers of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model?
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
What does Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory propose?
Children actively construct knowledge through schemas and progress through four stages of cognitive development.
What is assimilation vs. accommodation in Piaget’s theory?
Assimilation incorporates new experiences into existing schemas, while accommodation modifies schemas to fit new information.
What are critical and sensitive periods in ethological theories?
Critical periods are fixed times when specific experiences must occur for development, while sensitive periods are optimal but not essential for learning.
