Unit4 Terminology - Virology

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

scientific study of disease

Question 2

pathogen

Answer 2

disease-causing microbe

Question 3

pathogenesis

Answer 3

the manner in which a disease develops

Question 4

opportunistic pathogen

Answer 4

a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but can be pathogenic under certain circumstances

Question 5

etiology

Answer 5

the study of the cause of disease

Question 6

infection

Answer 6

the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body

Question 7

disease

Answer 7

abnormal state in which part,or all, of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal function

Question 8

symptoms

Answer 8

subjective changes in body functions that are felt by the patient

Question 9

signs

Answer 9

measurable changes in which a physician can make a diagnosis

Question 10

diagnosis

Answer 10

identification of the disease

Question 11

syndrome

Answer 11

specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease

Question 12

communicable disease

Answer 12

transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another

Question 13

contagious disease

Answer 13

one that is easily spread from one person to another

Question 14

noncommunicable disease

Answer 14

disease that are caused by microorganisms that normally grow outside of the human body and are not transmitted from one host to another

Question 15

virulence

Answer 15

the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease

Question 16

virulence factor

Answer 16

characteristic and ability of a pathogen that enables it to cause disease

Question 17

microbial antagonism

Answer 17

a process by which pathogenic microorganisms are inhibited by the normal flora from colonizing healthy organisms

Question 18

symbiosis

Answer 18

two organisms living together

Question 19

commensalism

Answer 19

one organism benefits, the other in unaffected

Question 20

mutualism

Answer 20

both organisms benefit

Question 21

parasitism

Answer 21

one organism benefits, the other is harmed

Question 22

incidence

Answer 22

of people contracting the disease

Question 23

prevalence

Answer 23

of cases at one particular time

Question 24

sporadic

Answer 24

occurs occasionally in a population

Question 25

endemic

Answer 25

continually in a population or a geographic location

Question 26

pandemic

Answer 26

acquired by many hosts worldwide over a short period of time

Question 27

acute

Answer 27

disease that develops rapidly but results in full recovery in a short amount of time

Question 28

chronic

Answer 28

disease that continues or recurs over a long period of time

Question 29

subacute

Answer 29

an abnormal condition is a person who seems clinically well

Question 30

latent

Answer 30

disease in which the causative agent is continually present and may cause symptoms after a long period of inactivity

Question 31

systemic infection

Answer 31

spread throughout the body via the circulatory system

Question 32

focal infection

Answer 32

starts as a local infection and spreads to other parts of the body (becomes systemic)

Question 33

primary infection

Answer 33

is an acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 34

secondary infection

Answer 34

can occur after the host is weakened from a primary infection

Question 35

subclinical infection

Answer 35

infection that does not cause any sign of disease in the host

Question 36

bacteremia

Answer 36

presence of bacteria in the blood

Question 37

toxemia

Answer 37

blood poisoning by toxins from a local bacteria infection

Question 38

viremia

Answer 38

presence of virus in the blood

Question 39

septicemia

Answer 39

blood poisoning, esp that are caused by bacteria and their toxins

Question 40

nosocomial infection

Answer 40

healthcare acquired infection

Question 41

zoonoses

Answer 41

diseases that can affect wild/domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans

Question 42

toxins

Answer 42

poisonous substances produced within cells of organisms

Question 43

toxoid

Answer 43

an inactivated toxin

Question 44

antitoxin

Answer 44

specific antibody produced by the body in response to a bacterial exotoxin or its toxoid

Question 45

toxigenicity

Answer 45

ability to produce toxins

Question 46

exotoxin

Answer 46

produced by bacteria and released into surrounding medium (produce disease symptoms - mostly G+ bacteria

Question 47

endotoxin

Answer 47

(Lipid A) found in call wall of G- bacteria and released upon destruction

Question 48

incubation period

Answer 48

the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms

Question 49

prodromal period

Answer 49

characterized by the appearance of the first mild symptom or sign

Question 50

period of illness

Answer 50

the disease at its height; all signs and symptoms are apparent

Question 51

period of decline

Answer 51

signs and symptoms subside

Question 52

period of convalescence

Answer 52

body returns to predisposed state; health is restored

Question 53

reservoir

Answer 53

a continual source of infection

Question 54

carrier

Answer 54

person who has disease but is asymptomatic

Question 55

direct contact

Answer 55

involves close, physical contact between the source of disease and susceptible host (ex. sex, handshakes)

Question 56

indirect contact

Answer 56

transmission by fomites (inanimate objects); ex. toilet seats, doorknobs

Question 57

droplet transmission

Answer 57

transmission via saliva or mucous in coughing or sneezing

Question 58

vehicle transmission

Answer 58

transmission by a medium such as food, water, air, blood

Question 59

vector transmission

Answer 59

involves anthropods (mechanical=legs, body parts; biological=insect bites)

Question 60

epidemiology

Answer 60

study of transmission, incidence and frequency of disease

Question 61

descriptive epidemiology

Answer 61

collection and analysis of data (John Snow)

Question 62

analytical epidemiology

Answer 62

comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group (Nightingale)

Question 63

experimental epidemiology

Answer 63

controlled experiments to test hypotheses (Semmelweis)

Question 64

NIDS - notifiable infectious disease

Answer 64

diseases in which healthcare workers are required by law to report

Question 65

morbidity

Answer 65

rate is # of cases divided by the population at risk

Question 66

incidence

Answer 66

rate reflects population that dies from the disease

Question 67

prevalence

Answer 67

reflects total number of existing cases

Question 68

endemic

Answer 68

diseases that are constantly present

Question 69

epidemic

Answer 69

unusually large # of cases in a population

Question 70

pandemic

Answer 70

worldwide epidemic

Question 71

outbreak

Answer 71

refers to a cluster of cases in a brief time affecting a specific population